Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2
Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2
I Development of Muscles of Paired and Median Fins in FishesIn Chapter 15 we use the zebra fsh Diltito reno as a case study to illustrate the developm Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2ment of the muscles of all the fve types of fns (pectoral, pelvic, caudal, anal, and dorsal) covered in this book. One reason is that D tvrio is the only fsh for which the development of the muscles of all these types of fns was studied in detail in the same project, namely, by ourselves and our col Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2leagues (see the following text), which allows a better comparison between the ontogeny of all these f ns. Another reason is that, as noted in the preEbook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2
ceding chapters. D. rerio is one of the most popular model organisms in various felds of biological research, particularly developmental biology. A siI Development of Muscles of Paired and Median Fins in FishesIn Chapter 15 we use the zebra fsh Diltito reno as a case study to illustrate the developm Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2cussions on the evolution of the appendages and even on paired fn-limb transitions that occurred during the origin of the tetrapod lineage (Zhang et al. 2010: Yano et al. 2012; Leite-Castro et al. 2016: Nakamura et al. 2016; Saxena and Cooper 2016). However, most of such studies are based on gene ex Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2pressions and anatomical comparisons of the skeleton, usually not including details about soft tissues such as muscles (Nakamura et al. 2016: Saxena aEbook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2
nd Cooper 2016). Accordingly, despite the common use of the zebra fsh as a model organism for developmental woiks and discussions on both paiied and mI Development of Muscles of Paired and Median Fins in FishesIn Chapter 15 we use the zebra fsh Diltito reno as a case study to illustrate the developm Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2e pectoral fn and trunk musculature and looked at different fber types that constitute the abductor and adductor muscles, but the differentiation of these muscles and development of other pectoral muscles were not snidied by them in detail. Cole et al. (2011) provided a general discussion on the dev Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2elopment and evolution of the musculature of the pelvic appendage, but their study was mainly focused on developmental mechanisms and migration of musEbook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2
cle precursors and not on sped fc muscles. Thorsen and Hale (2005) did refer to speci fc muscles in their report on the development of the pectoral fnI Development of Muscles of Paired and Median Fins in FishesIn Chapter 15 we use the zebra fsh Diltito reno as a case study to illustrate the developm Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2in the zebrafish has never been studied. In order to tackle this scarcity of information on the development of the zebra fsh appendicular musculature, we thus studied in detail and briefy describe in the following text, the ontogeny of each muscle in each fn from the time it frst becomes visible unt Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2il it display's a confguration basically similar to that of the adult stage (summarized in Table 15.1 and Figuie 15.1). This work was performed and puEbook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2
blished with our colleagues Fedor Shkil and Elena Voronezhskaya (Siomava et al. in press), and the following sections are mainly based on that paper, I Development of Muscles of Paired and Median Fins in FishesIn Chapter 15 we use the zebra fsh Diltito reno as a case study to illustrate the developm Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2 caudal fn IS the frst fn to develop in the zebra fsh (Table 15.1). It appears as a continuation of the zebra fsh postcranial axial skeleton and is surrounded by the caudal fn fold with the mesenchyme condensation ventrally, where the frst caudal muscles and bones will later develop (Figure I5.2A). Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2At stage 2.95 mm notochord length (ND. it is already associated with muscles. By 3.30 mm NL it includes, two muscle masses—dorsal and ventral caudal mEbook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2
uscles— are continuous with the trunk muscles (epaxialis and hyp-axialis. respectively). They expand posteriorly to the tip of the tail (Figure 15.2A)I Development of Muscles of Paired and Median Fins in FishesIn Chapter 15 we use the zebra fsh Diltito reno as a case study to illustrate the developm Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2e of segmentation.At 4.4 mm NL. three new ventral muscles can be seen (Figure 15.2B and C) Myo f brils of the adductor caudalis ventralis and fexor caudalis ventraiis. which at this time included both the fexor caudalis ventralis superior and inferior, start bifurcating from the ventral caudal muscl Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2e (Figure 15.2B). The fexor caudalis ventralis extends ventrally toward the caudal fn fold. The adductor caudalis ventralis mainly follows the directiEbook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2
on of the ventral caudal muscle but has shorter fbers that end halfway to the tip of the tail. Several short muscle fbers of the lateralis profundus vI Development of Muscles of Paired and Median Fins in FishesIn Chapter 15 we use the zebra fsh Diltito reno as a case study to illustrate the developm Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2n of the ventral caudal muscle By 5.0 mm standard length (SL; tip of snout to posterior end of last vertebra or to posterior end of midlateral portion of hypural plate), when the notochord starts bending dorsally. both the adductor caudalis ventralis and fexor cau-dalis ventralis substantially incre Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2ase in size (Figure 15.3A). The fexor caudalis venrralis is attached to the ventral rays. The adductor caudalis ventralis becomes more separated fromEbook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2
the ventral caudal muscle and changes the direction towards the dorsal fn rays. At this stage, fbers of the lateralis profundus ventralis are relativeI Development of Muscles of Paired and Median Fins in FishesIn Chapter 15 we use the zebra fsh Diltito reno as a case study to illustrate the developm Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2 deeply from the dorsal side of the ventral caudal muscle (Figure 15.3B). This fexor runs medial to the adductor caudalis ventralis. which is well developed by this stage, but does not insert onto the fn rays321Muscles ot Lhordates322TABLE 15.1Diagram of Development of Appendicular Muscles in the Ze Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2brafishNEbook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2
stion of whether the vcntial caudal muscle and or tire fexor caudalia vemralis infcnoris contribute or not fbets to the adductor caudalia ventralis SlI Development of Muscles of Paired and Median Fins in FishesIn Chapter 15 we use the zebra fsh Diltito reno as a case study to illustrate the developm Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2s of the previous ones. Thus, the fexor caudalis ventralis splits into the large fexor caudalis ventralis superior and small fexor caudalis ventralis inferior. which inserts onto one ventral ray (Figure 15.3C). The dorsal caudal muscle breaks up into the fexor caudalis dot-salis superioris and latei Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2alis profundus dorsalis overlying the former. The lateralis profundus ventralis stretches closer to the fn rays. During the growth of the tail, the veEbook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2
ntral caudal muscle splits into super fcial and deep layers (at 5.6 nun SL). which shift toward the midline Lastly, superfcial fbers become reduced, wI Development of Muscles of Paired and Median Fins in FishesIn Chapter 15 we use the zebra fsh Diltito reno as a case study to illustrate the developm Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2l. At 6.4 mm SL. long and very thin fbers of the lateralis superfcialis dorsalis are visible (Figure 15.4A). andthe interradialis caudalis already connects the bases of the all three long dorsal rays (Figure 15.4B). The last muscles to develop are the lateralis super fcialis ventralis. inter-flament Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2] dorsalis, and interflament! ventralis. The three muscles can be seen at 6.7 mm SL (Figure 15.40). At this stage, basically all muscles are present aEbook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2
nd have a con fgura-tion that resembles rhe adult condition (see Figure 14.9 and Table 14.7). Interestingly, in addition to these muscles, in young spI Development of Muscles of Paired and Median Fins in FishesIn Chapter 15 we use the zebra fsh Diltito reno as a case study to illustrate the developm Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2mes smaller. We observed these fbers between hypurals 1-2. 2-3. and 3-4 from 5.0 to 7.1 mm SL. forming very thin muscles that we designate here as interhypurales.Concerning the pectoral fns. they are already formed by 2.65 mm NL. Our results and previous studies have shownDevelopment of Muscles of P Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2aired and Median Fins in Fishes323io■Caudal muwles ■ Pectoral mimka ■ Dooal muwlei ■ Anal nnwclci • Pelvic ffitrcletFIGURE 15.1 Danio reỉiũ (TeleosteiEbook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2
). total number of appendicular muscles during different developmental stages. NL. notochord length. SL. standard length.that pectoral fn musculature I Development of Muscles of Paired and Median Fins in FishesIn Chapter 15 we use the zebra fsh Diltito reno as a case study to illustrate the developm Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2post fertilization). Before (2.65-2.9 mm NL) and after (3.15 mm ND hatching of larvae, we observe continuous fbers of the abductor and adductor masses (Figure 15 6). By 3.3 mm Nl. fbers extend to the edge of the endoskeletal disc and attach to actinotrichia (Figure 15.7). Along with the growth of th Ebook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2e fn. the abductor and adductor extensively’ increase in size until 6.4 mm SL. when they split into deep and super fcial layers (adductor profundus anEbook Muscles of chordates - Development, homologies, and evolution: Part 2
d super fcia-lis: abductor profundus and superfcialis). At 6.6 mm SL. a small bundle attached to the frst pectoral ray starts separat ing from the abdGọi ngay
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