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Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2

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Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2

Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation.Edited by Timothy c. Marrs and Bryan Ballantyne Copyright V 2004 John Wiley &'sons. Ltd.HSBN: 0-471-

Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2-49644-87 Toxicology of Herbicides*Timothy c. MarrsHerbicidesHerbicides arc substances that kill plants. They have variable degrees of specificity. So

nic, for example paraquat, kill all green plants, whereas others, for example the phenoxy compounds, are specific for certain groups of plants. A chem Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2

ical classification is given in Table 7.1. These compounds, particularly the non-selective examples, are less likely to appear in ftxid than insectici

Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2

des and fungicides as they are less likely to be used on crops, but exposure of operators can occur as with other pesticides.Inorganic herbicidesSubst

Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation.Edited by Timothy c. Marrs and Bryan Ballantyne Copyright V 2004 John Wiley &'sons. Ltd.HSBN: 0-471-

Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2 Carthage with salt after the Romans’ victory in the third Punic war in 146 BC. The disadvantage with such herbicides, from the agricultural point of

view, is that they are non-selective. Nevertheless, sodium chlorate continues to be used as a herbicide and when ingested in man it produces vomiting Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2

and abdominal pain, diarrhoea, methaemoglobinacmia. and intravascular haemolysis (Helliwell and Nunn. 1979; Proudfoot, 1996). Sodium chlorate is an ox

Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2

idizing agent and poses a fire hazard (Pesticide Manual, 1991).Bipyridylium herbicidesThis group of pesticides contains two well-known non-sclcctivc h

Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation.Edited by Timothy c. Marrs and Bryan Ballantyne Copyright V 2004 John Wiley &'sons. Ltd.HSBN: 0-471-

Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2s very similar at the*The views expressed in this chapter are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of any UK Government Depart

ment or Agency.306TOXICOLOGY Ol- HERBICIDESTable 7.1 Main groups of herbicides3GroupExamplesInorganic Bipyridylium Organic acid Substituted anilines U Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2

reas and thioureas Nitriles Triazines and triazolesPhenoxy Other organic acids TriazinesSodium chlorate Parquat Diquat 2.4-D 2.4.5-T Mccoprop Ecnoprop

Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2

Haloxyfop Dicamba Alachlor Propachlor Propanil Diuron Linuron Monolinuron Ioxynil Bromoxynil Atrazine SimazineOrganophosphate groupTriazoles Phosphon

Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation.Edited by Timothy c. Marrs and Bryan Ballantyne Copyright V 2004 John Wiley &'sons. Ltd.HSBN: 0-471-

Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2 the authors and Macmillan Reference Ltd.ParaquatDiquatFigure 7.1 Bipyridilium herbicidesmolecular level and involves cyclic reduction - oxidation rea

ctions which produce reactive oxygen species and depletion of NADPII. However, the critical target organ differs with the two compounds, so that the m Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2

ammalian toxicology is quiteBIPYRIDYLIUM HERBICIDES307different. While both herbicides affect the kidneys, paraquat is selectively taken up in the lun

Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2

gs and the toxicity of paraquat is dominated by lung toxicity. Both can produce local contact toxicity.ParaquatChemical identificationClass: bipyridil

Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation.Edited by Timothy c. Marrs and Bryan Ballantyne Copyright V 2004 John Wiley &'sons. Ltd.HSBN: 0-471-

Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2-bipyndiniumSynonyms: methyl viologenCAS no.: 4685-14-7 (ion) 1910-42-5 (dichloride)Paraquat is capable of producing both local and systemic toxicity.

Local toxicity is produced by direct injury to tissues with which the pesticide comes into contact. Tissues commonly damaged in this way include the Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2

skin, the cornea, the larynx, and the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract, the extent and severity of such damage being dependent on the concen

Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2

tration of paraquat in the formulation rather than the dose. Because of the nature of the toxicity of paraquat, this substance is dealt with in more d

Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation.Edited by Timothy c. Marrs and Bryan Ballantyne Copyright V 2004 John Wiley &'sons. Ltd.HSBN: 0-471-

Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2hich is the result of the active uptake of the compound by the lungs by a saturable uptake process (Rose. Smith, and Wyatt, 1974: Rose et al., 1976; S

mith. 1982; Smith et al.. 1990). Secondary target organs of toxicity are the kidneys and liver. Ebook Pesticide toxicology and international regulation: Part 2

Pesticide Toxicology and International Regulation.Edited by Timothy c. Marrs and Bryan Ballantyne Copyright V 2004 John Wiley &'sons. Ltd.HSBN: 0-471-

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