Ebook Usmle road map physiology: Part 2
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Ebook Usmle road map physiology: Part 2
GASTROINTESTINALPHYSIOLOGYI.Regulation: Muscle, Nerves, and Hormones of the GutA.Muscles of rhe gut deal with movement and mechanical processing of lu Ebook Usmle road map physiology: Part 2uminal contents—moving, mixing, and storing ingested food.B.Voluntary muscle is located ar the upper (mouth, pharynx, and first third of the esophagus) and lower (external anal sphincter) gastrointestinal (GI) tract.G. Smooth muscle structures have a nervous system of their own that can function wit Ebook Usmle road map physiology: Part 2hout any extrinsic innervation (Figure 5-1).I). This enteric nervous system coordinates all activities and consists of the myenteric plexus between rhEbook Usmle road map physiology: Part 2
e longitudinal and circular muscle layers and rhe submucosal plexus between the circular muscle and muscularis mucosa.1Receptors in rhe wall of rhe guGASTROINTESTINALPHYSIOLOGYI.Regulation: Muscle, Nerves, and Hormones of the GutA.Muscles of rhe gut deal with movement and mechanical processing of lu Ebook Usmle road map physiology: Part 2t with muscles to cause contraction, with endocrine cells to release peptides, and with secretory cells to release secretions.a.The mucosa of the gastric antrum and the small intestine contains primarily endocrine cells.b.There are four major regulator}' peptides in rhe gut:-1Gastrin is released fro Ebook Usmle road map physiology: Part 2m the gastric antrum G cells by stomach distention, vagal innervation, and protein digestive products. It stimulates gastric secretion, motility, andEbook Usmle road map physiology: Part 2
mucosal growth.-2Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released by duodenal I cells stimulated by fat and amino acids. CCK stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion aGASTROINTESTINALPHYSIOLOGYI.Regulation: Muscle, Nerves, and Hormones of the GutA.Muscles of rhe gut deal with movement and mechanical processing of lu Ebook Usmle road map physiology: Part 2ncreas and liver, and inhibits gastric motility and secretion.-4Gastric inhibitory peptide, or glucose insulinotropic peptide (GIP), is released by dietar}- fat, carbohydrate, and amino acids (from duodenal cells). It stimulates insulin release and inhibits gastric motility and secretion.E. Although Ebook Usmle road map physiology: Part 2 rhe whole system can function without extrinsic innervation, extrinsic parasympathetic fibers are generally responsible for cholinergic and excitatorEbook Usmle road map physiology: Part 2
}' effects and sympathetic fibers are associated with adrenergic and inhibitor}' effects.I 13Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc. ClickGASTROINTESTINALPHYSIOLOGYI.Regulation: Muscle, Nerves, and Hormones of the GutA.Muscles of rhe gut deal with movement and mechanical processing of lu Ebook Usmle road map physiology: Part 2essel' -J—Circular muscle----Submucosal plexusMuscularls propriaMuscularis mucosaeInterstitial cells of Cajal (type I)Figure 5-1. Smooth muscle lies between the two ends of the gastrointestinal ưact and is arranged in three layers—outer longitudinal, inner circular, and muscularis mucosa—with all la Ebook Usmle road map physiology: Part 2yers functioning as a unit.Chcmorcceptors Secretory MucosaMuscularis Circular Longitudinal Serosa musclemusclemuscle layer>-Longitudinal ' muscle layeEbook Usmle road map physiology: Part 2
r■—SerosaSubmucosal Myenteric plexus plexusGASTROINTESTINALPHYSIOLOGYI.Regulation: Muscle, Nerves, and Hormones of the GutA.Muscles of rhe gut deal with movement and mechanical processing of luGASTROINTESTINALPHYSIOLOGYI.Regulation: Muscle, Nerves, and Hormones of the GutA.Muscles of rhe gut deal with movement and mechanical processing of luGọi ngay
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