Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2
Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2
Applications of Triploids in AgricultureAshwani Kumar and Nidhi Gupta19AbstractTriploid hybrids have one of the most important traits, seedlessness, w Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 which is the characteristic for the fresh-fruit market. Triploid embryos are found in small seeds that do not germinate. Hybridization-based extensive breeding programmes require very efficient methodologies for embryo rescue and evaluation of ploidy. Biotechnology provides powerful tools for plant Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 breeding. Triploid plants raised from endosperm are generally sterile. Endosperm-ploidy levels and its applications in plant breeding have been discusEbook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2
sed here. Endosperm-raised triploid plants are of commercial value, e.g. limber-yielding plants, edible fruit plants or ornamentals propagated vegetatApplications of Triploids in AgricultureAshwani Kumar and Nidhi Gupta19AbstractTriploid hybrids have one of the most important traits, seedlessness, w Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 Embryo rescue • Plant tissue culture • Biotechnology • Polyploidy breeding19.1IntroductionIn a fertilization process, the egg fuses with one of the male gametes to form a zygote, whichA. KumarDepartment of Botany, University of Rajasthan.Jaipur. Rajasthan 302004. IndiaN. Gupta (E3)Department of Biot Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 echnology, c.c.s. University.Meerut. Uttar Pradesh 250004. Indiae-mail: nidhi.05.gupta@'gmail.comafterward forms the embryo. The other male gamete fusEbook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2
es with the central cell containing two haploid nuclei. This second fusion is actually a double fertilization and triple fusion which often results inApplications of Triploids in AgricultureAshwani Kumar and Nidhi Gupta19AbstractTriploid hybrids have one of the most important traits, seedlessness, w Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 rm-raised triploid plants are generally sterile, but this seedlessness does not affect commercial utility of such plants, e.g. edible fruit plants, timber-yielding plants or ornamentals which are multiplied mainly through micropropagation or propagated vegetatively. The growth of triploids is genera Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 lly higher thanBir Bahadur el al. (eds.). Plant Biology and Biotechnology: Volume II: Plain Genomics and Biotechnology, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2283-5_Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2
l9. €> Springer India 2015385386A. Kumar and N. Guptarespective diploids (Thomas and Chaturvedi 2008). Also, triploids are more vigorous than diploidsApplications of Triploids in AgricultureAshwani Kumar and Nidhi Gupta19AbstractTriploid hybrids have one of the most important traits, seedlessness, w Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 oduce viable offspring, chromosomes need to occur in pairs. But due to chromosomal number three, the triploid plants are sterile as the odd numbers of chromosomes are unable to pair up properly. Such plants do flowering and bear fruits, but flowers cannot be fertilized and fruit is sterile. Some of Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 the examples of triploid crops are:•Seedless watermelons (Cilrullus vulgaris) produced due to cross between tetrapioid females and diploid males. ThesEbook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2
e are commercially cultivated in Japan.•Triploid sugar beets (Beta vulgaris) produce larger roots with more sugar content.•TV29 of tea produced by TeaApplications of Triploids in AgricultureAshwani Kumar and Nidhi Gupta19AbstractTriploid hybrids have one of the most important traits, seedlessness, w Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 paradisiacal) produces larger and seedless fruits.19.2Endosperm and Origin of TriploidsEndosperm is a natural and unique triploid tissue in its origin, ploidy level and nature of grow th. It is the triploid stage of the flowering plant which is produced by fusion of three haploid nuclei: two from th Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 e female gametophyte and one from the male gametophyte (Thomas el al. 2000). Il lacks histological differentiation. Lampe and Mills' (1933) first repoEbook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2
rt on endosperm culture was on maize, w hereas La Rue (1949) first reported the establishment of tissue cultures in maize from immature endosperm. SinApplications of Triploids in AgricultureAshwani Kumar and Nidhi Gupta19AbstractTriploid hybrids have one of the most important traits, seedlessness, w Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 ani (1965) demonstrated totipotency of endosperm for the first time. They also demonstrated direct shoot formation from cultured mature endosperm of cherry ballart (Exocarpos cupressiformis). By the time, embryo/shooưplantlet regenerationFig. 19.1 Haploid (single), diploid (double), ti'iploid (tripl Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 e) and tetrapioid (quadruple) sets of chromosomesfrom endosperm has been reached to dozen of species (Bhojwani and Razdan 1996).In tissue culture, endEbook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2
osperm tissues provide natural material for regenerating plants with trip-loid chromosome number, and thus, regeneration of plants from this tissue ofApplications of Triploids in AgricultureAshwani Kumar and Nidhi Gupta19AbstractTriploid hybrids have one of the most important traits, seedlessness, w Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 perm culture (Johri and Bhojawani 1977). reviews on endosperm (Cheema and Mehra 1982: Bhatnagar and Sawhney 1981), micropropagation (Driver and Kuniyuki 1984). walnut tissue culture (Me Granahan et al. 1987). embryo rescue (Me Granahan et al. 1986). somatic embryogenesis (Tulecke and McGranahan 1985 Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 ), triploids in woody perennials (Lakshmi Sita 1987). Hordeuni vulgare (Sehgal 1974; Sun and Chu 1981). Triticu/n aestivum (Sehgal 1974) and Oryza satEbook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2
iva (Bajaj et al. 1980: Nakano et al. 1975) are already in records (Fig. 19.I).19.3Production of TriploidsTriploids can be produced by crossing an indApplications of Triploids in AgricultureAshwani Kumar and Nidhi Gupta19AbstractTriploid hybrids have one of the most important traits, seedlessness, w Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 19.2 (a) Asexual triploid reproduction via parthenogenesis, (b) Triploid-diploid sexual reproductionas colchicine, oryzalin, pronamide. amiprophos methyl and trifluralin (Wan et al. 1991). However, such crosses are not always fortunate as it results in reduced seed setting compared to cross between Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 two diploids (Sikdar and Jolly 1995). Moreover, seedling survival and seed germination are also very' low. Still, triploids play an important role inEbook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2
biomass and soil conservation and thus represent a significant importance in shrubs and trees. They help in preserving vast amounts of photosynthetic Applications of Triploids in AgricultureAshwani Kumar and Nidhi Gupta19AbstractTriploid hybrids have one of the most important traits, seedlessness, w Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 le, etc. In some plants, like Miscan th Its sinensis, seed-sterile trip-loids have been grown to prevent seed dispersal in the environment (Petersen et al. 2002) (Fig. 19.2). Ebook Plant biology and biotechnology (Volume II: Plant genomics and biotechnology): Part 2 Applications of Triploids in AgricultureAshwani Kumar and Nidhi Gupta19AbstractTriploid hybrids have one of the most important traits, seedlessness, wGọi ngay
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