The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2
The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2
Chapter 14Biomechanics of Human Movement and Muscle-Tendon FunctionVASILIOS BALTZOPOULOS AND CONSTANTINOS N. MAGANARISBiomechanics (derived from the G The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 Greek words ịiíoự veos for life-living and MHx«viKii/mehaniki for mechanics) is the scientific discipline for the study of the mechanics of the structure and function of living biological systems. In the human biological system the application of the principles and methods of mechanics, and in parti The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 cular the study of forces and their effects, has led to a significant advancement in our knowledge and understanding of human movement in a whole specThe olympic textbook of science in sport part 2
trum of activities ranging from pathologic conditions to elite sport actions.The main aims of Biomechanics in the context of sports activities are:1ToChapter 14Biomechanics of Human Movement and Muscle-Tendon FunctionVASILIOS BALTZOPOULOS AND CONSTANTINOS N. MAGANARISBiomechanics (derived from the G The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 n techniques by examining the loading of specific structures in the human body during activity and their response; and3To enhance sports performance by analysing and optimising technique.This chapter will examine recent developments in the above areas. In particular, given that the generation of mov The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 ement per sc and investigations into technique improvement or reduction in loading and prevention of injuries depend primarily on the mechanics and coThe olympic textbook of science in sport part 2
ntrol of muscles and joints, special emphasis will be placed on issues relating to muscle-tendon and joint function. The chapter will also considerOẠvChapter 14Biomechanics of Human Movement and Muscle-Tendon FunctionVASILIOS BALTZOPOULOS AND CONSTANTINOS N. MAGANARISBiomechanics (derived from the G The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 pment and techniques necessary to overcome existing measurement and modeling limitations. These will allow easier development and more widespread application of subjectspecific models in order to improve the contribution of biomechanics research and support senices to performance enhancement and inj The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 ury prevention.Biomechanical analysis of human movementPerformance in all locomotory activities, including sports, depends on a number of factors relaThe olympic textbook of science in sport part 2
ted to the function and control of all the systems in the human body. Biomechanics is only one of the scientific disciplines, in addition to physiologChapter 14Biomechanics of Human Movement and Muscle-Tendon FunctionVASILIOS BALTZOPOULOS AND CONSTANTINOS N. MAGANARISBiomechanics (derived from the G The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 and injuries. Given the multi-factorial nature of human performance, the contribution of biomechanics is crucial and is achieved using a combination of qualitative (Knudson & Morrison 1997) and quantitative (Payton & Bartlett 2008) experimental approaches, as well as theoretical approaches based on The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 mathematical modeling and computer simulation (Yeadon & King 2008). Qualitative approaches have been developed in recent years and the processes involThe olympic textbook of science in sport part 2
ved in conducting an effective qualitative biomechanical analysis have been documented and described in great detail (Knudson & Morrison 1997). HoweveChapter 14Biomechanics of Human Movement and Muscle-Tendon FunctionVASILIOS BALTZOPOULOS AND CONSTANTINOS N. MAGANARISBiomechanics (derived from the G The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 his chapter215216 CHAPTER 14will concentrate on quantitative and theoretical approaches.It is generally agreed (e.g., Lees 1999,2002; Bahr & Krosshaug 2005; Elliott 2006) that biomechanical research and scientific support sendees, whether for the prevention of injuries or the improvement of techniqu The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 e to enhance performance, should follow a sequence of important steps to ensure that any interventions are appropriate and that the outcome is evaluatThe olympic textbook of science in sport part 2
ed and contributes to evidence-based practice:1Analysis of the specific problem to establish the relevant context (technique and wider performance facChapter 14Biomechanics of Human Movement and Muscle-Tendon FunctionVASILIOS BALTZOPOULOS AND CONSTANTINOS N. MAGANARISBiomechanics (derived from the G The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 ation mechanisms, or the mechanisms of injur}’ and risk factors through observational, experimental, or theoretical approaches;3Design and implementation of an intervention; and4Evaluation of the intervention for improving performance or reducing injuries.The multi-factorial and multi-disciplinary n The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 ature of sports performance and sports injuries means that it is very difficult to control all of the implicated factors and to study only one or a feThe olympic textbook of science in sport part 2
w in isolation, given their complex interactions. This is also one of the main reasons for the lack of well-controlled intervention and prospective evChapter 14Biomechanics of Human Movement and Muscle-Tendon FunctionVASILIOS BALTZOPOULOS AND CONSTANTINOS N. MAGANARISBiomechanics (derived from the G The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 cessitates collaboration with coaches or clinicians and other personnel. This highlights the need for effective communication with other professionals involved in athlete training or rehabilitation, and is another reason for the lack of interventional and evaluation studies. Although biomechanics ha The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 s had a tremendous impact in sports, the difficulties of outcome intervention and well-controlled evaluation studies has lead to there being only a smThe olympic textbook of science in sport part 2
all evidence base for biomechanical support and injury prevention interventions and some unfounded criticisms for the contribution and influence of biChapter 14Biomechanics of Human Movement and Muscle-Tendon FunctionVASILIOS BALTZOPOULOS AND CONSTANTINOS N. MAGANARISBiomechanics (derived from the G The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 collection, and analytical techniques.Experimental approachesDescriptive biomechanical analyses are usually based on the measurement of temporal (phase), kinematic, kinetic, or kinesiological/anatomical features of movement using the corresponding experimental techniques (Bartlett 1999). Although a The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 descriptive analysis of movement may provide a useful starting point, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms of coordination and contThe olympic textbook of science in sport part 2
rol of movement, or the mechanisms of injuries. Tile determination of key technique variables related to movement control and coordination mechanisms,Chapter 14Biomechanics of Human Movement and Muscle-Tendon FunctionVASILIOS BALTZOPOULOS AND CONSTANTINOS N. MAGANARISBiomechanics (derived from the G The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 uantitative approaches these variables or factors are determined based on different methods that can be classified in general (e.g., Bartlett 1999; Lees 2002; Bahr & Krosshaug 2005) under the following headings:1Biomechanical principles of movement;2Hierarchical relationship (deterministic) diagrams The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 ; and3Statistical relationships.Biomechanical principles of movement are formulated by applying some of the fundamental mechanical relations to the stThe olympic textbook of science in sport part 2
ructural and functional characteristics of the neuromuscular system and to segmental motion and coordination. Although there is a general disagreementChapter 14Biomechanics of Human Movement and Muscle-Tendon FunctionVASILIOS BALTZOPOULOS AND CONSTANTINOS N. MAGANARISBiomechanics (derived from the G The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 ly-accepted principles, such as the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC), the proximal to distal sequence of segmental action, and mechanical energy considerations have had a major impact on our understanding of the mechanisms of control and coordination during movement and injuries.The ssc is explained i The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 n detail in Chapter 1, and it is important to emphasize that the main mechanism is based on the interaction between the muscleBIOMECHANICS OF HUMAn MuThe olympic textbook of science in sport part 2
vKMfiNi ^1/fascicles and the tendon in a muscle-tendon unit. During the preceding stretch or eccentric action phase, the muscle is activated so that eChapter 14Biomechanics of Human Movement and Muscle-Tendon FunctionVASILIOS BALTZOPOULOS AND CONSTANTINOS N. MAGANARISBiomechanics (derived from the G The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 on) above the level predicted by the isolated concentric forcevelocity relationship alone, hence enhancing power production. In this way force production and timing in locomotory or throwing movements of short duration are optimized. However, the storage and utilization of elastic energy and the con The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 tribution of the stretch reflex to the potentiation of force depend on the muscles involved and their function (e.g., mono- or bi-articular), the inteThe olympic textbook of science in sport part 2
nsity and the type of task or movement (e.g., the duration and optimal coupling between eccentric and concentric actions, or the contact phase) as theChapter 14Biomechanics of Human Movement and Muscle-Tendon FunctionVASILIOS BALTZOPOULOS AND CONSTANTINOS N. MAGANARISBiomechanics (derived from the G The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 es of movement require careful consideration when applied to different sports or activities. This is particularly relevant in jumping and throwing/hitting activities where the coupling (timing) between the stretch and shortening phases is crucial. In tennis, for example, the importance of a fast tra The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2 nsition from the backswing to the forward swing of the racket or from knee flexion to extension during the serve is now clearly recognized (Elliott 20The olympic textbook of science in sport part 2
06).The proximal to distal sequence of segmental action has been widely accepted in throwing and ballistic activities in general where the maximizatioGọi ngay
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