The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2
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The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2
6Athletes are emotional, tooIn achievement contexts, considerable demands are placed on an individual who has the potential to challenge their ability The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 y to cope and evoke a substantial emotional response. Sport is an excellent example of such a context. Theories of motivation in sport often cite positive affect - a positive emotional state - as both an adaptive outcome of sport participation and a source of information for future motivation to eng The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 age in the sport. However, the competitive nature of sport also has the ability to evoke more negative or maladaptive affective or emotional states, sThe social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2
port, especially at the elite level, exerts considerable stress on the athlete or performer. This is because at the highest level of performance the s6Athletes are emotional, tooIn achievement contexts, considerable demands are placed on an individual who has the potential to challenge their ability The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 ain intrinsic rewards such as personal satisfaction and self-esteem, rewards and outcomes common to competitive athletes at all levels of sport. If there is a mismatch between the demands placed on an athlete or sport performer by their environment and their ability to cope with the concomitant emot The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 ive states that arise from that demand, then it may interfere with their ability to perform what Zajonc (1965) called the 'dominant response', i.e. thThe social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2
e well practised or trained movements and skills involved in sport performance. This can often, catastrophically, manifest itself in sometimes embarra6Athletes are emotional, tooIn achievement contexts, considerable demands are placed on an individual who has the potential to challenge their ability The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 eferred to as 'choking' (Baumeister 1984).Many of US can think of occasions when this has happened in elite sport. Think of France's soccer team, the reigning World and European Champions and tournament favourites at the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Japan, leaving the championship after the first round in The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 disgrace after an abysmal series of performances in which they failed to win a match or score a goal. Think of Jean van der Velde’s slump in the 1999The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2
British open golf championship when he triple bogeyed the last hole after leading by five shots into the last. He needed only a six to win, and he to6Athletes are emotional, tooIn achievement contexts, considerable demands are placed on an individual who has the potential to challenge their ability The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 resorting to serving underarm against Steffi Graf in the 2000 French open tennis final alter being unable to gel any serve in and John Aldridge's penalty miss that handed the English FA cup to Wimbledon in 1988. Why should these acknowledged champions fail to perform to anywhere near the high standa The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 rds they and others expect of them in high pressure situations? Anxiety, the set of negative affective states associated with an inability to cope witThe social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2
h stress placed on an individual by environmental demands, is often the culprit. Elite and professional athletes arc schooled in the negative effects 6Athletes are emotional, tooIn achievement contexts, considerable demands are placed on an individual who has the potential to challenge their ability The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 nxiety control. Indeed, the majority of sport psychology consultations involve anxiety management (Crocker et al. 1988). This chapter aims to evaluate social psychological research into the role of emotion in sport and describe the relationships between emotional states, psychological constructs, an The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 d sports performance.Why social psychological approaches to emotion and anxiety?On the surface, research in cognition and emotion may not seem entirelThe social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2
y relevant to social psychological investigations into sport performance. However, an examination of the components of social cognitive theories will 6Athletes are emotional, tooIn achievement contexts, considerable demands are placed on an individual who has the potential to challenge their ability The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 ntegral component of the attitude construct in extensions of the theory of planned behaviour (Hagger and Chatzisarantis, in press). Moreover, while models of social cognition acknowledge that social information from the environment (stimuli) and learnt personal belief systems are processed and serve The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 as a basis for motives, decisions, intentions, and behavioural responses, this does not happen in a vacuum, devoid of feeling states or emotions (EagThe social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2
ly and Chaiken 1993; Perugini and Conner 2000). Emotions can also operate as response or outcome stales as well as sources of information for attribut6Athletes are emotional, tooIn achievement contexts, considerable demands are placed on an individual who has the potential to challenge their ability The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 ion in applied sellings such as sport is necessary, given the clearly complementary nature of these constructs, in order to explain the complex set of behavioural responses observed in intense emotive sport situations, such as 'choking'.Defining affect, emotion, anxiety, arousal, and moodBefore emba The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 rking on a discussion of the role of emotions in social psychological research applied to sport performance, a prerequisite step is to define emotionThe social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2
and emotion-related terms such as affect, emotion, arousal, mood,132 Athletes are emotional, tooand anxiety. These terms are often used in a non-syste6Athletes are emotional, tooIn achievement contexts, considerable demands are placed on an individual who has the potential to challenge their ability The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 role of affect-related constructs in sports performance difficult. That stated, full agreement among researchers in social cognition and emotion as to the distinction between affect, emotion, and emotion-related terms is lacking and researchers state that formal working definitions of these terms ma The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 y be unclear due to substantial overlaps between the concepts (Smith et al. 1993). Therefore, any definitions of affect-related concepts must indicateThe social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2
the boundaries, limitations, and potential confounds.Affect is a general or 'umbrella' term that encompasses all 'mental feeling processes' (Bagozzi 6Athletes are emotional, tooIn achievement contexts, considerable demands are placed on an individual who has the potential to challenge their ability The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 ffective attitudes. A number of authors have suggested that affect reflects 'valenced feeling states', a term that implies both directionality and a number of specific emotion-related terms such as emotion and mood. Therefore, emotion and mood can be considered as specific types of affective states The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 with anger, anxiety, guilt, and shame being specific examples of these emotion types.Formal definitions of emotion usually incorporate not only feelinThe social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2
g states, but also make reference to a 'mental state or readiness' arising from cognitive interpretation of psychological and physiological states suc6Athletes are emotional, tooIn achievement contexts, considerable demands are placed on an individual who has the potential to challenge their ability The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 like attitudes, particularly according to appraisal theorists (Smith et al. 1993). In addition, emotion can also be described as having a behavioural or response function in that it affects behaviour, such as facial expression of emotion and cognitive and behavioural means to cope with the emotion The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 (Bagozzi et al. 2002). Emotions therefore have 'action tendencies’. A vast array of emotions have been identified in the social psychology literature,The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2
but ethological and cross-cultural psycholog}’ research has identified six basic or core emotions: anger, fear, sadness, happiness, surprise, and dis6Athletes are emotional, tooIn achievement contexts, considerable demands are placed on an individual who has the potential to challenge their ability The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 is, by convention, considered different from emotion as it usually comprises a profile of different affective states, is less intense, more prolonged, and with no action tendency. Mood is therefore less transient than emotion and does not usually arise from the appraisal of specific events. However The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 , the boundary is sometimes less clear and both mood and specific emotions have been implicated in sports performance. Indeed, some theorists claim thThe social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2
at temporal stability as a defining property of mood with respect to emotion is not valid given moods and emotions can be both transient and prolonged6Athletes are emotional, tooIn achievement contexts, considerable demands are placed on an individual who has the potential to challenge their ability The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 bility to produce an action tendency, its lower intensity, and its prolonged rather than transient nature.Athletes are emotional, too 133Defining anxiety and arousalMore than any other single emotion, anxiety has been the focus of the vast majority of research on emotion and social cognition in spor The social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2 ts performance (Gould etill. 2002). Anxiety is a specific emotion that has been described as an unpleasant feeling of apprehension and distress, and iThe social psychology of exercise and sport (applying social psychology) part 2
s usually accompanied by unpleasant physiological responses (Martens cl al. 1990). Sensations such as 'sweaty palms’ (also known as 'galvanic skin resGọi ngay
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