Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick
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Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick
HALLIDAY - RESNICFor thousands of years the spinning Earth provided a natural standard for our measurements of time. However. Since 1972 we have added Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick d more than 20 'leap seconds’ to our clocks to keep them synchronited to the Earth Why are such adjustments needed? What does it take to be a good standard? iDon Maiat'The Stock Market and NASA!chapterPhysics and MeasurementChapter Outline1.1Standards of Length, Mass, and1.5Conversion of UnitsTime1. Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick 6Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude1.2The Building Blocks of MetterCalculations1.3Density1.7Significant Figures21.4Dimensional Analysiswww.pdfgrip.comÍFundamentals of physics halliday resnick
ike all other sciences, physics is based on experimental observations and quan* Illative measurements. The main objective of physics Is to find the liHALLIDAY - RESNICFor thousands of years the spinning Earth provided a natural standard for our measurements of time. However. Since 1972 we have added Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick ts. The fundamental laws used in developing theories are expressed in the language of mathematics. the tool that provides a bridge between theory and experiment.When a discrepancy between theory and experiment arises, new theories must be formulated to remove the discrepancy. Many times a theory is Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick satisfactory' only under limited conditions: a more general theory might be satisfactory without such limitations. For example, the laws of motion disFundamentals of physics halliday resnick
covered by Isaac Newton (1642-1727) in the 17th century accurately describe the motion of bodies at normal speeds but do not apply to objects moving aHALLIDAY - RESNICFor thousands of years the spinning Earth provided a natural standard for our measurements of time. However. Since 1972 we have added Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick gives the same results as Newton’s laws at lowspeeds but also correctly describes motion at speeds approaching the speed of light. Hence. Einstein’s is a more general theory of motion.Classical physics, which means all of the physics developed before 1900. includes the theories, concepts, laws, and Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick experiments in classical mechanics, thermodynamics. and electromagnetism.Important contributions to classical physics were provided by Newton, who deFundamentals of physics halliday resnick
veloped classical mechanics as a systematic theory and was one of the originators of calculus as a mathematical tool. Major developments in mechanics HALLIDAY - RESNICFor thousands of years the spinning Earth provided a natural standard for our measurements of time. However. Since 1972 we have added Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick tury, principally because before that time the apparatus for controlled experiments was either loo crude or unavailable.A new era in physics, usually referred to as modem physics, began near the end of (he 19th century. Modern physics developed mainly because of the discovery that many physical phen Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick omena could not be explained by classical physics. The two most important developments in modern physics were the theories of relativity and quantum mFundamentals of physics halliday resnick
echanics. Einstein’s theory of relativity revolutionized the traditional concepts of space, lime, and energy, quantum mechanics, which applies to bothHALLIDAY - RESNICFor thousands of years the spinning Earth provided a natural standard for our measurements of time. However. Since 1972 we have added Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick na at the atomic level.Scientists constantly work at improving our understanding of phenomena and fundamental laws, and new discoveries are made every day. In many research areas, a great deal of overlap exists between physics, chemistry, geology, and biology, as well as engineering. Some of the mos Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick t notable developments are (1) numerous space missions and the landing of astronauts on the Moon, (2) microcircuitry and high-speed computers, and (3)Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick
sophisticated imaging techniques used in scientific research and medicine. The impact such developments and discoveries have had on our society has iHALLIDAY - RESNICFor thousands of years the spinning Earth provided a natural standard for our measurements of time. However. Since 1972 we have added Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick nity.1.1^ STANDARDS OF LENGTH, MASS, AND TIMEThe laws of physics are expressed in terms of basic quantities that require a clear definition. In mechanics, the three basic quantities are length (L), mass (M), and time (T). All other quantities in mechanics can lx? expressed in terms of these three.ww Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick w.pdfgrip.comCHAPTÍR ì Physics and MeasurementsIf wc arc to report the results of a measurement to someone who wishes to reproduce this measurement, aFundamentals of physics halliday resnick
standard must be defined. It would be meaningless if a visitor from another planet were to talk to US about a length of 8 “glitches" if we do not knoHALLIDAY - RESNICFor thousands of years the spinning Earth provided a natural standard for our measurements of time. However. Since 1972 we have added Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick nit of length is defined to be 1 meter, we know that the height of the wall is twice our basic length unit. Likewise-, if we are told that a person has a mass of 75 kilograms and our unit of mass is defined to lx- 1 kilogram, then that person is 75 times its massive as our basic unit.1 Whatever is c Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick hosen as a standard must be readily accessible and possess some property that can be measured reliably—measurements taken by different people in diffeFundamentals of physics halliday resnick
rent places must yield the same result.In 1960, an international committee established a set of standards for length, mass, and other basic quantitiesHALLIDAY - RESNICFor thousands of years the spinning Earth provided a natural standard for our measurements of time. However. Since 1972 we have added Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick French name “Systeme International.") In this system, the units of length, mass, and time are the meter, kilogram, and second, respectively. Other SI standards established by the committee arc those for temperature (the Mvtn). electric current (the ampffl), luminous intensity (the candfia), and the Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick amount of substance (the OToZr). In our study of mechanics we shall be concerned only with the units of length, mass, and time.LengthIn A.1). 1120 theFundamentals of physics halliday resnick
king of England decreed that the standard of length in his country would be named the jwdand would be precisely eqtial to the distance from the tip oHALLIDAY - RESNICFor thousands of years the spinning Earth provided a natural standard for our measurements of time. However. Since 1972 we have added Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick f King Louis XIX7. This standard prevailed until 1799. when the legal standard of length in France became the nutter, defined as one ten-millionth the distance from the equator to the North Pole along one particular longitudinal line that passes through Paris.Many other systems for measuring length Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick have been developed over the years, but the advantages of the French system have caused it to prevail in almost all countries and in scientific circleFundamentals of physics halliday resnick
s everywhere. As recently as 1960. the length of the meter was defined as the distance between two lines on a specific platinum-iridium bar stored undHALLIDAY - RESNICFor thousands of years the spinning Earth provided a natural standard for our measurements of time. However. Since 1972 we have added Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick paration between the lines on the bar can Ik- determined docs not meet the current requirements of science and technology. In the 1960s and 1970s, the meter was defined as 1 650 763.73 wavelengths of orange-red light emitted from a krypton-86 lamp. However, in October 1983, the meter (m) was redefin Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick ed as the distance traveled by light in vacuum during a time of 1/299 792 458 second. In effect, this latest definition establishes that the speed ofFundamentals of physics halliday resnick
light in vacuum is precisely 299 792 458 m per second.Table 1.1 lists approximate values of some measured lengths.1 The need for assigning numerical vHALLIDAY - RESNICFor thousands of years the spinning Earth provided a natural standard for our measurements of time. However. Since 1972 we have added Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick you arc speaking about. and express it in numbers, you should know something about it. but when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowleslge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind. Il may he the beginning of knowledge but you haw scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the state of science."www. Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick pdfgrip.comhttps: //khoth u Vi e n .com1.1 Standards of Length. Mass, and Time5TABLE 1.1 Approximate Values of Some Measured LengthsLength (nt)DistancFundamentals of physics halliday resnick
e from the Earth to most remote known quasar Distance from the Earth hi most lenutle known normal galaxies Distance fixtm the Earth l<> nearest large HALLIDAY - RESNICFor thousands of years the spinning Earth provided a natural standard for our measurements of time. However. Since 1972 we have added Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick un Mean distance from the Fatih IO the Moon Distance from the equator Io the North Pole Mean radius of the Earth Typical altitude (above the surface) of a satellite orbiting the Earth Length of a Ibotball field length of a housefly Size of smallest duct particles Size of cells of most living organis Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick ms Diameter of a hydrogen atom Diameter of an atomic nucleus Diameter of a proton1.4 X 10» 9 X 10» 2 X 10” 4X 10"’ 9.46 X 10,s 1.50 X 10“ .8.81 X 10«Fundamentals of physics halliday resnick
1.00 X IO7 6.37 X 10,; 2 X 10' 9.1 X 10' 5X I0-’ -I0-' - IO“5 -10 ,n -10 '« -10 '5MassGọi ngay
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