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GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

GPPi e*mericsGLOBAL PUBLIC POLICY INSTITUTE>*•<:■» IU9U» IT iv.lwnAuthoritarian AdvanceResponding to China’s Growing Political Influence in EuropeBy T

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1 TIIORSTEN BENNER. JAN GASPERS. MAREIKE OIILBERG. I.UCRKZIA I’OGGETTI, KRISTIN’SHI-KUPFKRREPORT43132gppi.netstiftungMERCATOROur thanks go to Katharina

Nachbar for guiding the production of the manuscript and preparing the graphics as well as to Pierre Orllicb for his editing support. Andras Derzsi-Ho GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

rvath. Mirko Hohmann. Mikko Huotari. Katrin Kinzelbach, Sabine Muscat, and Claudia Wessling provided valuable comments on earlier drafts. Jens Bastian

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

and Tamás Matura were kind with their time and insights during research trips to Athens and Budapest. GPPi gratefully acknowledges funding provided b

GPPi e*mericsGLOBAL PUBLIC POLICY INSTITUTE>*•<:■» IU9U» IT iv.lwnAuthoritarian AdvanceResponding to China’s Growing Political Influence in EuropeBy T

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1 itics of Authoritarian Influencing’* (in cooperation with Ricardo Soares de Oliveira, Oxford), which was hosted by Stiftung Mercator in Berlin on May

22,2017. provided constructive comments that also guided the research for this paper.Executive SummaryChina’s rapidly increasing political influencing GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

efforts in Europe and the self-confident promotion of its authoritarian ideals pose a significant challenge to liberal democracy as well as Europe's

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

values and interests. While Beijing's efforts have received much less scrutiny than the efforts of Put in’s Russia, Europe neglects China’s increasing

GPPi e*mericsGLOBAL PUBLIC POLICY INSTITUTE>*•<:■» IU9U» IT iv.lwnAuthoritarian AdvanceResponding to China’s Growing Political Influence in EuropeBy T

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1 ing stocks of influence across the glolie, Beijing’s political influencing efforts in Europe are bound to be much more consequential in the medium- to

long-term future than those of the Kremlin.China commands a comprehensive and flexible influencing toolset. ranging from the overt to the covert, pri GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

marily deployed across three arenas: political and economic elites, media and public opinion, and civil society and academia. Tn expanding its politic

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

al influence. China takes advantage of the one-sided openness of Europe. Europe's gates are wide open whereas China seeks to tightly restrict access o

GPPi e*mericsGLOBAL PUBLIC POLICY INSTITUTE>*•<:■» IU9U» IT iv.lwnAuthoritarian AdvanceResponding to China’s Growing Political Influence in EuropeBy T

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1 ngly tend to adjust their policies in fits of "preemptive obedience” to curry favor with the Chinese side. Political elites within the European Union

(F.U) and in the European neighiiorhood have started to embrace Chinese rhetoric and interests, including where they contradict national and/or Europe GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

an interests. EU unity has suffered from Chinese divide and rule tactics, especially where the protection and projection of* liberal valuesand human r

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

ights are concerned. Beijing also benefits from the ‘services' of willing enablers among European political and professional classes who are happy to

GPPi e*mericsGLOBAL PUBLIC POLICY INSTITUTE>*•<:■» IU9U» IT iv.lwnAuthoritarian AdvanceResponding to China’s Growing Political Influence in EuropeBy T

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1 he pari of those political elites in EU member stales who seek to attract Chinese money or to attain greater recognition on the global plane.The Chine

se leadership's political influence-seeking in Europe is driven by two interlocking motivations. First and foremost, it seeks to secure regime stabili GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

ty at home. Second, Beijing aims to present its political concepts as a competitive, and ultimately superior, political and economic model. Driven by

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

these motivations. Beijing pursues three related goals. First, it aims to build global support on specific issues and policy agendas. This includes fo

GPPi e*mericsGLOBAL PUBLIC POLICY INSTITUTE>*•<:■» IU9U» IT iv.lwnAuthoritarian AdvanceResponding to China’s Growing Political Influence in EuropeBy T

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1 nese interests. Second. China seeks to weaken Western unity, both within Europc, and across the Atlantic. Third, Beijing pushes hard Io create a more

positive global perception of Chinas political and economic system as a viable alternative to liberal democracies.In the debate on Beijing’s influenci GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

ng, Chinese officials have complained about Western actors questioning “normal economic co-operation and cultural exchanges with other countries.” Thi

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

s negates the fact that, from the perspective of liberal democracies, all areas of interaction with China are potentially problematic and deserveGPR&M

GPPi e*mericsGLOBAL PUBLIC POLICY INSTITUTE>*•<:■» IU9U» IT iv.lwnAuthoritarian AdvanceResponding to China’s Growing Political Influence in EuropeBy T

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1 t home while also exporting - or at least trying to popularize its political and economic development model abroad. Thus, today, all areas of Europe’s

interaction with China have strong political undertones.If Europe intends to stop the momentum of Chinese influencing efforts, it needs to act swiftl GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

y and decisively. In responding to China’s advance. European governments need to make sure that the liberal DNA of their countries’ political and econ

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

omic systems stay intact. Some restrictions will be necessary, but Europe should not copy China’s illiberal ism. While staying as open as possible, Eu

GPPi e*mericsGLOBAL PUBLIC POLICY INSTITUTE>*•<:■» IU9U» IT iv.lwnAuthoritarian AdvanceResponding to China’s Growing Political Influence in EuropeBy T

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1 s of government, businesses, media, civil society, ciillurc/arts as well as academia:•Europe needs to better leverage the collective weight of EƯ memb

er states. Larger member slates like Germany and France need to lake serious steps towards putting their privileged bilateral relations with China in GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

the service of common European interests. Complaining about the 16 >1 format China uses to interact with smallerEU members in Central ami Eastern Euro

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

pe whileengaging in l+l formats with Beijing will not help Income up with a collective EU response on issues where Chinese action fails to resonate wi

GPPi e*mericsGLOBAL PUBLIC POLICY INSTITUTE>*•<:■» IU9U» IT iv.lwnAuthoritarian AdvanceResponding to China’s Growing Political Influence in EuropeBy T

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1 to China s political influencing efforts in Europe can only succeed if there is sufficient impartial expertise on China in think tanks, universities,

NGOs, and media across Europe. This will also help to keepoul'unwanlcd’Chinese money in those institutions.•The EC needs to continue providing altern GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

atives to (the promises of) Chinese investments in European countries. Brussels can point to the fact that by far the most investment within the EU an

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

d its periphery still comes from within Europe. In the vast majority of instances. EU funding still is much more attractive for F.u member stales than

GPPi e*mericsGLOBAL PUBLIC POLICY INSTITUTE>*•<:■» IU9U» IT iv.lwnAuthoritarian AdvanceResponding to China’s Growing Political Influence in EuropeBy T

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1 nabling third countries to properly evaluate, monitor, and prepare large-scale infrastructure projects, including those financed by China.•The EU and

its members need to bolster a flexible set of investment screening tools. Europe must lx: able to stop state-driven takeovers of companies that are of GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

significant public interest. Tn addition to high-tech sectors as well as key parts of public infrastructure, this notably includes the media as an in

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

stitution of critical importance to liberal democracies. In addition, foreign funding of political parties from outside Europe, including from China,

GPPi e*mericsGLOBAL PUBLIC POLICY INSTITUTE>*•<:■» IU9U» IT iv.lwnAuthoritarian AdvanceResponding to China’s Growing Political Influence in EuropeBy T

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1 ty regimes, including cybersecurity and counterintelligence efforts. European intelligence services urgently need to enhance cooperation on Chinese ac

tivities, both to arrive at a common understanding of the threat and to deliver joint responses. EƯ members should put (additional) awarenessbuilding GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

measures in place to sensitize potential targets of Chinese intelligence activities. In particular, decision-makers and scholars should be briefed mor

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

e systematically about common patterns of contact-building and approaches by Chinese intelligence agencies or related actors.•For civil society’ actor

GPPi e*mericsGLOBAL PUBLIC POLICY INSTITUTE>*•<:■» IU9U» IT iv.lwnAuthoritarian AdvanceResponding to China’s Growing Political Influence in EuropeBy T

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1 s: the power of critical public debate. Implementing transparency requirements concerning collaboration with Chinese actors for media agencies, univer

sities, and think tanks, among others, would also help raise awareness of the existence and often problematic purposes of the various influencing mech GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

anisms Chinese stale actors employ.•Europe needs to make sure that efforts to curtail the CCP influencing agenda do not degenerate into a campaign tar

GPPi_MERICS_Authoritarian_Advance_2018_1

geting Chinese citizens and culture. EU members should also provide support to those in the Chinese communities in Europe who find themselves pressure

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