Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí
Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí
Untested Waters: The Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit RegulationPublished in 20 Fordham Envtl. L. Rev. 1 Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí 115 (2009)Hannah Wiseman'Abstract: As the hunt for important unconventional gas resources in America expands, an increasingly popular method of wringing resources from stubborn underground formations is a process called hydraulic fracturing - also described as hydrofracturing, fracking, or fracing - Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí wherein fluids are pumped at high pressure underground to fracture a formation and release trapped oil or gas. Operators have faced wells for more thaGia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí
n fifty years, but the practice has recently grown rapidly in areas like the Barnett Shale of North Central Texas and the Marcellus Shale beneath PennUntested Waters: The Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit RegulationPublished in 20 Fordham Envtl. L. Rev. 1 Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí fects of hydraulic fracturing, and the laws and regulations that apply to the practice. It argues that there is no direct federal regulation of the fracing process (the pumping of fluids into a wellbore/, that court guidance in this area is limited, and that state regulations differ substantially. A Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí lthough other genera! regulations apply to the practice, the Article argues that in light of the dearth of regulation specific to fracturing in some aGia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí
reas, more stud)' of the potential environmental and human health effects of facing IS needed in order to determine whether current regulation IS suffUntested Waters: The Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit RegulationPublished in 20 Fordham Envtl. L. Rev. 1 Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí ic study of the practice.I. IntroductionAs conventional sources of oil and gas become less productive and energy prices rise, production companies are developing creative extraction methods to tap sources like oil shales and tar sands that were previously not worth drilling. Companies are also using Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí new technologies to wring more oil or gas from existing conventional wells. This Article argues that as the hunt for* Hannah Wiseman. Visiting AssistGia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí
ant Professor. The University of Texas School of Law. Emerging Scholars Program: A.B. Dartmouth College; J.D. Yale Law School. The author wishes to thUntested Waters: The Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit RegulationPublished in 20 Fordham Envtl. L. Rev. 1 Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí e (2010): I wrote this Article in 2008. Following the publication of this Article, more studies of hydraulic fracturing have been completed (most significantly, the New York Department of Environmental Conserva-tion's draft Supplemental Generic Environmental Impact Statement), and states have furthe Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí r revised their regulations to address fracturing. I have discussed some of these new developments in an article entitled "Regulatory Adaptation in FrGia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí
actured Appalachia." which is an invited symposium contribution forthcoming in the Villanova Eitviroiinieiiral Lent- Journal.Electronic copy avaitfittUntested Waters: The Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit RegulationPublished in 20 Fordham Envtl. L. Rev. 1 Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí hale and the Marcellus Shale in New York and Pennsylvania, for example. And much of this extraction is occurring through a well-established and increasingly popular method of wringing resources from stubborn underground formations called hydraulic fracturing, which is alternately described as hydrof Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí racturing or “fracing.” wherein fluids are pumped at high pressure underground to fracture a formation and encourage the flow of oil or natural gas.CoGia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí
astal Oil and Gas Corp. V. Garza Energy Trust.1 2 3 a recent Texas case addressing disputes over fracing in Hidalgo County, Texas, exemplifies the humUntested Waters: The Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit RegulationPublished in 20 Fordham Envtl. L. Rev. 1 Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí ty and sending fluids and agents into the fractures to keep them open constitutes a common law trespass. Few state courts have addressed this issue directly, and Texas’ conclusion in Coastal Oil that damages from the drainage of natural gas from adjacent property through fracing do not constitute an Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí actionable trespass claim is likely to have national implications, as other jurisdictions may follow the lead of a court highly familiar with oil andGia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí
gas law. Companies in Pennsylvania and southern New York are already citing Coastal Oil as a defense when property owners argue that loud seismic truUntested Waters: The Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit RegulationPublished in 20 Fordham Envtl. L. Rev. 1 Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí Water Act, bringing to an end a long legal and political debate over whether the federal government should regulate fracing under its water laws. ' Without federal statutes or common law liabilities like trespass governing fracing, the regulation of fracing is left wholly4 to state govern*1 Coastal Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí Oil  Gas Coip. V, Garza Energy Trust. 268 s.w 3d 1 (Tex. 2008).2.See. eg.. Tom Wilber. Landowners Cry Fold over Seismic Searches. Montgomery ADXTRTIGia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí
SER. Sept. 21. 2008. available al http: 'www.montgomeryadvertiser.com (last visited Sept. 28. 2008).3.Energy Policy Act of 2005, Pub L. No 109-58. § 1Untested Waters: The Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit RegulationPublished in 20 Fordham Envtl. L. Rev. 1 Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí RGROUND INJECTION - The term ‘underground injection’(A)means the subsurface emplacement of fluids by well injection: and(B)excludes - (i) the underground injection of natural gas for purposes of storage: and (ii) the underground injection of fluids or propping agents (Other than diesel fuels) pursua Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí nt to hydraulic fracturing operations related to oil. gas. or geothermal production activities.4.Author’s note (2010): Following the publication of thGia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí
is Article, the Ground Water Protection Council, a group of state regulators, has published several pieces that describe, among other topics, the fedeUntested Waters: The Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit RegulationPublished in 20 Fordham Envtl. L. Rev. 1 Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí n Shale Gas Development in the United States: a Primer (prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy. April 2009), available ar http:«www.netl.doe.gov.technologiesbil-gaspublicationsEPreportsShale_Gas_Primer_2009.pdf 56; GROUND WATER PROTECTION COUNCIL. STATE OIL AND GAS REGULATIONS DESIGNED TO PROTEC Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí T WATER RESOURCES (prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy. May 2009). available at httpj'www.gwpc.orge-li-brary documents'general State0 0200il%20Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí
and%20Gas%20Regulations0o20Designed%20to%20Protect%20 Water*© 20Resources.pdf. It is useful to recognize that statutes like the Clean Water Act do indUntested Waters: The Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit RegulationPublished in 20 Fordham Envtl. L. Rev. 1 Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí charge of any pollutant by any person." except as in compliance with other portions of the Clean Water Act); 33 u.s.c. §1342 (2010) (allowing the administrator of EPA to “issue a permit for the discharge of any pollutant” (a permit commonly referred to as an NPDES permit, which stands for “National Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí Pollutant Discharge Elimination System”)); 33 U.s.c. § 1362(12) (2010) (defining "discharge of a pollutant" as. liner alia, "any addition of any polluGia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí
tant to navigable waters from any point source”): 33 u.s.c. § 1362(7) (2010) (defining "navigable waters” as "the waters of the United States, includiUntested Waters: The Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit RegulationPublished in 20 Fordham Envtl. L. Rev. 1 Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí the practice of fracturing (injecting fluids into theEtecfroniccopy ..avaitetfe «t: hltp;//ssm.com/abstT3Ct: 1535092ments. And some decline to regulate. In Texas, for example, "neither the Legislature nor the [Railroad] Commission has ever seen tit" to regulate hydro fracturing, in the words of the Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí supreme court/ Although some states like Pennsylvania and New York have relatively comprehensive regulations (hat cover fracing, other stales lack regGia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí
ulations that specifically address the practice. The absence of regulation specific to the process of fracing is not of great concern if fracing is a Untested Waters: The Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit RegulationPublished in 20 Fordham Envtl. L. Rev. 1 Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí environmental and public health impacts, the lack of regulation is problematic. 1 his Article investigates fracing through an environmental lens and concludes that given the potential consequences of this increasingly common practice, more regulatory control over fracing may be needed, and. al mini Gia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí mum, regulators should re-visit existing controls in light of an up-to-date scientific investigation of fracing and determine whether these controls aGia tăng sự nứt vỡ thủy lực triong sản xuất dầu khí
re adequate.The Article begins by providing a brief introduction, in Part IT. to the practice of fracing arid then describes its geographic expansionGọi ngay
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