Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation

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Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation

Waldemar NawrockiIntroduction toQuantumMetrologyQuantum Standards and InstrumentationspringerWaldemar NawrockiIntroduction to QuantumMetrologyQuantum

Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation Standards and Instrumentation4^ SpringerWaldcmar NawrockiFaculty of Electronicsand TelecommunicationsPoznan University of TechnologyPoznanPolandThe w

ork was first published in 2007 by Wydawnictwo Politechniki Poznanskiej (Publisher of Poznan University of Technology) with the following title: Wstọp Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation

do mctrologii kwantowej.ISBN 978-3-319-15668-2ISBN 978-3-319-15669-9 (eBook)DOI IO.IOO7/978-3-319-15669-9Library of Congress Control Number: 20159325

Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation

16Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London't' Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015This work is subject to copyright. All right

Waldemar NawrockiIntroduction toQuantumMetrologyQuantum Standards and InstrumentationspringerWaldemar NawrockiIntroduction to QuantumMetrologyQuantum

Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way. and transmission or information storage and retrieva

l, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive n Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation

ames, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such nam

Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation

es are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors arc safe

Waldemar NawrockiIntroduction toQuantumMetrologyQuantum Standards and InstrumentationspringerWaldemar NawrockiIntroduction to QuantumMetrologyQuantum

Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may hav

e been made.Printed on acid-free paperSpringer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)Pr Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation

efaceQuantum metrology is a field of theoretical and experimental study of high-resolution and high-accuracy methods for measurement of physical quant

Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation

ities based on quantum mechanics, particularly using quantum entanglement. Without equivalent in classical mechanics, quantum entanglement of particle

Waldemar NawrockiIntroduction toQuantumMetrologyQuantum Standards and InstrumentationspringerWaldemar NawrockiIntroduction to QuantumMetrologyQuantum

Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation made to use new measurement strategies and physical systems in order to attain measurement accuracy never achieved so far.Quantum metrology sprang int

o existence at the beginning of the twentieth century, along with quantum mechanics. After all. the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, together with th Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation

e Schrodinger equation and the Pauli exclusion principle constituting the basis of the formalism of quantum mechanics, is also the fundamental equatio

Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation

n of quantum metrology. The uncertainty principle sets limits to measurement accuracy, but has no relation to the technical realization of the measure

Waldemar NawrockiIntroduction toQuantumMetrologyQuantum Standards and InstrumentationspringerWaldemar NawrockiIntroduction to QuantumMetrologyQuantum

Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation ance to this field, such as the Josephson effect, the quantum Hall effect or the tunneling of elementary particles (electrons. Cooper pairs) through a

potential barrier. Using new important physical advances, quantum metrology also contributes to progress in physics. In the past 50 years the Nobel P Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation

rize was awarded for 16 achievements strongly related to quantum metrology. In 1964 Townes, Basov and Prokhorov received the Nobel Prize for fundament

Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation

al work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maserlaser principle. Presen

Waldemar NawrockiIntroduction toQuantumMetrologyQuantum Standards and InstrumentationspringerWaldemar NawrockiIntroduction to QuantumMetrologyQuantum

Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation s lasers are basic instruments in interferometers used in metrology of length, and semiconductor lasers are used in industrial measurements. Haroche a

nd Wincland were awarded the Nobel Prize in 2012 for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation

systems, that is, for studies in the field of quantum metrology. In 1964 2012 the Nobel Prize was awarded for important discoveries such as the Josep

Introduction to quantum metrology; quantum standards and instrumentation

hson effect (JosephsonviPreface1973). the quantum Hall effect (von Klitzing 1985), and the scanning tunneling microscope (Rohrer and Binnig 1986). Thu

Waldemar NawrockiIntroduction toQuantumMetrologyQuantum Standards and InstrumentationspringerWaldemar NawrockiIntroduction to QuantumMetrologyQuantum