The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition
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The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition
Euan SquiresMystery of the' GhiA.ntiiTD WorldChapter OneReality in the Quantum World1.1 The quantum revolutionsQuantum mechanics, created early this c The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition century in response to certain experimental facts which were inexplicable according to previously held ideas (conveniently summarised by the title ‘classical physics’), caused three great revolutions. In the first place it opened up a completely new range of phenomena to which the methods of physics The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition could be applied: the properties of atoms and molecules, the complex world of chemical interactions, previously regarded as things given from outsideThe mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition
science, became calculable in terms of a few fixed parameters. The effect of this revolution has continued successfully through the physics of atomicEuan SquiresMystery of the' GhiA.ntiiTD WorldChapter OneReality in the Quantum World1.1 The quantum revolutionsQuantum mechanics, created early this c The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition nsequence all sciences, from cosmology to biology, are, at their most fundamental level, branches of physics. Through physics they can, at least in principle, be understood. Indeed, on contemplating the success of physics, it is easy to be seduced into the belief that ‘everything’ is physics—a belie The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition f that, if it is intended to imply that everything is understood, is certainly false, since, as we shall see, the very foundation of contemporary theoThe mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition
retical physics is mysterious and incomprehensible.The second revolution was the apparent breakdown of determinism. which had alwavs been an nnnnesrinEuan SquiresMystery of the' GhiA.ntiiTD WorldChapter OneReality in the Quantum World1.1 The quantum revolutionsQuantum mechanics, created early this c The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition which systems can be so described; that is, we are not here concerned with such concepts as free will. In a deterministic theory the future behaviour of an isolated physical system is uniquely determined by its present state. If, however, the world is correctly described by quantum theory, then, eve The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition n for simple systems, this deterministic property is not valid. The outcome of any particular experiment is not, even in principle, predictable, but iThe mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition
s chosen at random from a set of possibilities; all that can be predicted is the probability of particular results when the experiment is repeated manEuan SquiresMystery of the' GhiA.ntiiTD WorldChapter OneReality in the Quantum World1.1 The quantum revolutionsQuantum mechanics, created early this c The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition oin, or throw of a dice, or a horse race; in these cases they enter because of our lack of precise knowledge of the orginal state of the system, whereas in quantum theory, even if we had complete knowledge of the initial state, the outcome would still only be given as a probability.Naturally, physic The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition ists were reluctant to accept this breakdown of a cherished dogma—Einstein’s objection to the idea of God playing dice with the universe is the most fThe mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition
amiliar expression of this reluctance—and it was suggested that the apparent failure of determinism in the theory was due to an incompleteness in the Euan SquiresMystery of the' GhiA.ntiiTD WorldChapter OneReality in the Quantum World1.1 The quantum revolutionsQuantum mechanics, created early this c The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition se attempts will form an important part of our later discussion.We are accustomed to regarding the behaviour, at least of simple mechanical systems, as being completely deterministic, so if the breakdown of determinism implied by quantum mechanics is genuine, it is an important discovery which must The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition affect our view of the physical world. Nevertheless, our belief in determinism arises from experience rather than logic, and it is quite possible to cThe mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition
onceive of a certain degree of randomness entering into mechanics; no obvious violation of ‘common sense’ is involved. Such is not the case with the tEuan SquiresMystery of the' GhiA.ntiiTD WorldChapter OneReality in the Quantum World1.1 The quantum revolutionsQuantum mechanics, created early this c The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition thinking, that there exists an objective reality, a reality that does not depend for its existence on its being observed. It is because of this challenge that all whoThe quantum revolutions3endeavour to study, or even take an interest in, reality, the nature of ‘what is*, be they philosophers or the The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition ologians or scientists, unless they are content to study a phantom world of their own creation, should know about this third revolution.To provide sucThe mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition
h knowledge, in a form accessible to nonscientists, is the aim of this book. It is not intended for those who wish to learn the practical aspects of qEuan SquiresMystery of the' GhiA.ntiiTD WorldChapter OneReality in the Quantum World1.1 The quantum revolutionsQuantum mechanics, created early this c The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition redictions of a wide range of observed phenomena. Normally these books make little reference to this third revolution; they omit to mention that, at its very heart, quantum mechanics is totally inexplicable. For their purpose this omission is reasonable because such considerations are not relevant t The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition o the success of quantum mechanics and do not necessarily cast doubt on its validity. In 1912, Einstein wrote to a friend, ‘The more success the quantThe mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition
um theory has, the sillier it looks.’ [Letter to H Zangger, quoted on p 399 of the book Subtle is the Lord by A Pais (Oxford: Clarendon 1982).] If it Euan SquiresMystery of the' GhiA.ntiiTD WorldChapter OneReality in the Quantum World1.1 The quantum revolutionsQuantum mechanics, created early this c The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition ndeed the recent upsurge of interest in the topic of this book has arisen from the results of recent experiments; results which, though they beautifully confirm the predictions of quantum mechanics, are themselves, quite independent of any specific theory, at variance with what an apparently convinc The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition ing, common-sense, argument would predict (see Chapter 5, especially §§5.4 and 5.5, for a complete discussion of these results).We can emphasise the eThe mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition
ssentially observational nature of the problem we are discussing by returning to the experimental facts we mentioned at the start of this section, andEuan SquiresMystery of the' GhiA.ntiiTD WorldChapter OneReality in the Quantum World1.1 The quantum revolutionsQuantum mechanics, created early this c The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition did not explain them. The search for an explanation has continued and we shall endeavour in this book to outline the various possibilities. All involve radical departures from our normal ways of thinking about reality.On almost all the topics which we shall discuss below there is a large literature. The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition However, since this book is intended to be a popular introduction rather than a technical treatise, I have given4Reality in the quantum worldvery fewThe mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition
references in the text but have, instead, added a detailed bibliography. For the same reason various ifs and buts and qualifying clauses, that expertEuan SquiresMystery of the' GhiA.ntiiTD WorldChapter OneReality in the Quantum World1.1 The quantum revolutionsQuantum mechanics, created early this c The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition tried to keep the discussion simple and non-technical, partly because only in this way can the ideas be communicated to non-experts, but also because of a belief that the basic issues are simple and that highly elaborate and symbolic treatments only serve to confuse them, or, even worse, give the i The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition mpression that problems have been solved when, in fact, they have merely been hidden. The appendices, most of which require a little more knowledge ofThe mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition
mathematics and physics than the main text, give further details of certain interesting topics.Finally, I conclude this section with a confession. FoEuan SquiresMystery of the' GhiA.ntiiTD WorldChapter OneReality in the Quantum World1.1 The quantum revolutionsQuantum mechanics, created early this c The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition ase, be sorted out with a few hours careful thought. I think this attitude is shared by most who learned the subject when I did, or later. Maybe we were influenced by remarks like that with which Max Born concluded his marvellous book on modern physics [Atomic Physics (London: Blackie 1935)]: ‘For w The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition hat lies within the limits is knowable, and will become known; it is the world of experience, wide, rich enough in changing hues and patterns to allurThe mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition
e US to explore it in all directions. What lies beyond, the dry tracts of metaphysics, we willingly leave to speculative philosophy.’ It was only whenEuan SquiresMystery of the' GhiA.ntiiTD WorldChapter OneReality in the Quantum World1.1 The quantum revolutionsQuantum mechanics, created early this c The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition an attitude really is. The present book has arisen from my attempts to understand things that I mistakenly thought I already understood, to venture, if you like, into ‘speculative philosophy’, and to discover what progress has been made in the task of incorporating the strange phenomena of the quant The mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition um world into a rational and convincing picture of reality.1.2 External realityAs I look around the room where I am now sitting I see variousExternalThe mystery of the quantum world 2nd edition
reality5objects. That is, through the lenses in my eyes, through the structure of the retina, through assorted electrical impulses received in my braiGọi ngay
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