Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick
Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick
Manchester Metropolitan UniversityResearch ProjectUnit 61BL4161 (60 credit route)Activity, Behaviour and Interactions of Parrot Species at a Peruvian Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick Clay LickElisabeth Mary Shaw Student Number: 05977369Submitted by Elisabeth M Shaw, in part fulfilment of the Master of Science degree in Animal Behaviour, awarded by Manchester Metropolitan University, through the Division of Biology in the School of Biology, Chemistry and Health SciencesSubmitted Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick February 2008ACTIVITY. BEHAXTOUR AND INTERACTIONS OF PARROT SPECIES AT A PERUVIAN Clay lickElisabeth M ShawWith the exception of any statements to thActivity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick
e contrary, all the data presented in this report are the results of my own efforts and have not previously been submitted in candidature for any otheManchester Metropolitan UniversityResearch ProjectUnit 61BL4161 (60 credit route)Activity, Behaviour and Interactions of Parrot Species at a Peruvian Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick use of unacknowledged third party data will be dealt with as a very serious matter.Signed ................................................2ACTIVITY. BEHAVIOUR AND INTERACTIONS OF Parrot Species at a Peruvian Clay lickElisabeth M ShawABSTRACTThere has been much investigation in recent years into the Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick reasons for and factors directing geophagy behaviour by parrots and macaws al day licks. There has been much less focus on the behaviour of individuaActivity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick
l birds al these siles, despile the unique opportunity they present lor behavioural investigation, and the potential such research may have to contribManchester Metropolitan UniversityResearch ProjectUnit 61BL4161 (60 credit route)Activity, Behaviour and Interactions of Parrot Species at a Peruvian Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick urs of eight parrot species at a Peruvian lick. Focal animal samples performed in the early dry season of 2007 allowed the construction of an ethogram and of time budgets for birds both on the lick and in the surrounding trees and vegetation.Birds in the tires around the lick spent most of their tim Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick e vigilant, with the rest engaged mainly in a variety of preening and social behaviours. Vigilance did not depend on flock size or body size. BehaviouActivity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick
r patterns changed little with time of day, but did change significantly during periods of lick activity. There were also differences between species,Manchester Metropolitan UniversityResearch ProjectUnit 61BL4161 (60 credit route)Activity, Behaviour and Interactions of Parrot Species at a Peruvian Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick behaviour that may relate to predation, competition, or the mechanics OÍ clay processing.Individual birds spent a mean of 2.35 minutes on the lick in any one feeding bout, taking a mean of 13 biles from the clay, and in a third of cases taking clay away from the lic k al the end ol the bout. Some p Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick reference was seen for feeding from a vine rather than perched on die clay. Most time on the lick was spent chewing clay, and associated behaviours suActivity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick
ch as gagging and head shaking suggested some difficulties with tills. Agonistic interaction rates were five times higher on the lick than in die surrManchester Metropolitan UniversityResearch ProjectUnit 61BL4161 (60 credit route)Activity, Behaviour and Interactions of Parrot Species at a Peruvian Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick reas most displacement on the lick itself was between heterospecifics and probably due to competition for spac e.3ACTIVITY. behaviour and interactions of P.ARROT species at a Peruvian CLAY LICKElisabeth M ShawINTRODUCTIONGeophagy, the deliberate consumption of soil, has been reported from a range of Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick mammal and bird species, as well as reptiles, lepidopterans, and even humans (Abrahams & Parsons 1996, Klaus etal. 1998. Klaus & Schmid 1998, KrishnaActivity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick
mani & Mahaney 2000, Mahaney et al. 1999, Marlow & Tollestrup 1982, Smedley & Eisner 1996. Wink el al. 1993). However, it is currently of particular iManchester Metropolitan UniversityResearch ProjectUnit 61BL4161 (60 credit route)Activity, Behaviour and Interactions of Parrot Species at a Peruvian Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick ightsmith 2002a, 2003, 2004a,b, Brightsmith & Arambuni 2004, Burger & Gochfeld 2003, Diamond ef al. 1999, Duffle 2003, Emmons & Stark 1979, Gilardi er al. 1999, Mee Ct al. 2005, Symes er al. 2006, Symes & Marsden 2003). The best known are in south-east Peru, where there may be up to 100 or so licks Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick of various sizes (C. Munn unpubl. data), visited by at least 17 species of psittacids, as well as various pigeons and caracids, and mammals includingActivity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick
monkeys and squirrels (Brightsmith 2004a.b, Brightsmith & Aramburú 2004. Brightsmith & Figari 2003, Brightsmith & Homan 2000. Hammer 2001, Hammer & TaManchester Metropolitan UniversityResearch ProjectUnit 61BL4161 (60 credit route)Activity, Behaviour and Interactions of Parrot Species at a Peruvian Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick rightsmith 2002a, Munn 1992, 1998).There are various theories to explain geophagy, though it may perform different functions in different species, or even multiple functions in some species (Abrahams & Parsons 1996, Diamond Ct al. 1999, Gilardi ft al. 1999, Wilson 2003). Some reasons cited for soil Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick consumption - obtaining grit for the mechanical breakdown of food, buffering of gastric pH, and treatment for diarrhoea - are largely discounted for pActivity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick
arrots (Brightsmith & Arambuni 2004, Diamond et al. 1999, Gilardi et al. 1999). Instead, parrots may consume soil to obtain sodium and / or for the adManchester Metropolitan UniversityResearch ProjectUnit 61BL4161 (60 credit route)Activity, Behaviour and Interactions of Parrot Species at a Peruvian Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick , Diamond et al. 1999, Emmons & Stark 1979, Gilardi et al. 1999, Munn 1988, 1998, Symes el al. 2006). Clay may also stimulate mucus production in the gut, forming a protective layer that further defends against chemical insult (Brightsmith 2002a, Gilardi el al. 1999). Such protection against toxins Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick would allow parrots to exploit a wider range of food resources, many of which are unavailable to other animals (Diamond 1999, Gilardi Ct al. 1999).4ACActivity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick
TIVITY. BEHAVIOUR AND INTERACTIONS OF P.ARROT SPECIES AT A PERUVIAN CLAY LICKElisabeth M ShawDespite advances in our understanding of parrot geophagy,Manchester Metropolitan UniversityResearch ProjectUnit 61BL4161 (60 credit route)Activity, Behaviour and Interactions of Parrot Species at a Peruvian Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick 999, Diamond er al. 1999, Mee er al. 2005, Symes er al. 2006). Around 28% of parrot species are threatened in the wild (Snyder er al. 2000). Parrots and macaws are ideal flagship species, and a better understanding of all aspects of their ecology and behaviour -including a better understanding of ge Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick ophagy - may help conserve not only them but also the many other species which share their forest habitats (Munn 1998, Snyder er al. 2000).Most researActivity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick
ch at parrot clay licks has focused on the reasons for and factors affecting lick use, such as weather, season, and human disturbance (Brightsmith 200Manchester Metropolitan UniversityResearch ProjectUnit 61BL4161 (60 credit route)Activity, Behaviour and Interactions of Parrot Species at a Peruvian Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick n little focus on the behaviour of individual birds. Most Neotropical parrots live in dense, closed-canopy forest, making them difficult to observe and study (Beissinger & Snyder, 1992, Gilardi & Munn 1998), and few studies have looked at their wild behaviour (Seibert 2006, Pitter & Christiansen 199 Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick 7); open licks, where birds are highly visible, therefore provide unique opportunities to study them in their natural habitats. A few investigations hActivity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick
ave looked at certain aspects, such as aggression and competition, responses to boats and other disturbances, and behaviours of birds waiting to desceManchester Metropolitan UniversityResearch ProjectUnit 61BL4161 (60 credit route)Activity, Behaviour and Interactions of Parrot Species at a Peruvian Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick lack of detailed empirical studies.Understanding behaviour at the lick may help US further understand lick use. It has been suggested that one reason parrots visit is to socialise and find a mate (e.g.. Brightsmith 2002a), but there are few data on social or courtship behaviours. More detailed info Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick rmation on how birds spend their time at the lick, particularly when this can be related to lick activity, may also help us better understand anti-preActivity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick
dator behaviour, responses to disturbance, and factors influencing feeding, as well as provide additional information on behaviours such as feeding ofManchester Metropolitan UniversityResearch ProjectUnit 61BL4161 (60 credit route)Activity, Behaviour and Interactions of Parrot Species at a Peruvian Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick determining, for example, how much clay is eaten, how birds select which soil to eat, how they process it, and factors affecting these. More detailed study of interactions between birds on and around the lick would also be useful in determining the extent to which competition affects lick use.5ACTIV Activity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick ITY. BEHAVIOUR AND INTERACTIONS OF Parrot species at a PERUVIAN CLAY LICK Elisabeth M ShawThe aims of this study were to categorise and describe behavActivity, Behaviour and Interactions ofParrot Species at a Peruvian Clay Lick
iours shown by parrot species both on and in the trees and vegetation immediately surrounding a clay lick, to quantify patterns of behaviour and examiGọi ngay
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