Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction
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Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction
Running Head: schema in reconstructionBartlett's concept of schema in reconstructionBrady WagonerDept, of PsychologyAalborg UniversityKroghstraede 3Aa Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructionalborg 9220DenmarkEmail: waeoner(5>hum.aau.dkH0mepage: http;//aaiborg.academia.edu/Brady WagonerAbstract: The concept of schema was advanced by Frederic Bartlett to provide the basis lor a radical temporal alternative to traditional spatial storage theories of memory. Bartlett took remembering out o Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructionf the head and situated it at the enfolding relation between organism and environment. Through an activity of 'turning around upon schema', humans canBartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction
create ruptures in their seamless How of activity in an environment and lake active control over our mind and behavior. This paper (1) contextualizesRunning Head: schema in reconstructionBartlett's concept of schema in reconstructionBrady WagonerDept, of PsychologyAalborg UniversityKroghstraede 3Aa Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction and memory 'reconstruction', (3) shows how these temporal dynamics are later abandoned by early cognitive 'schema' theories which revert to the metaphor of storage and (4) explores strategies by which we might fruitfully bring schema back into psychology as an embodied, dynamic, temporal, holistic Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructionand social concept.Keywords; Bartlett, dynamic methodology, embodiment, memory, reconstruction, schema, temporality1IntroductionNo other concept in BaBartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction
rtlett's oeuvre has generated as much attention as 'schema’, except perhaps the related concept ‘reconstruction’. Psycholog}’ is today littered with rRunning Head: schema in reconstructionBartlett's concept of schema in reconstructionBrady WagonerDept, of PsychologyAalborg UniversityKroghstraede 3Aa Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructionerivative concepts of‘script’ and ‘frame’ and one begins to gel a sense of how widely and variably the concept is used. Al a very general level contemporary psychologists have defined schema as a knowledge structure in the head that is used in the storage of information. This is somewhat ironic beca Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructionuse Bartlett (1932) intended to utilize the concept to develop an alternative to the storage theory of memory. For him, schema was to provide the basiBartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction
s for a theory of remembering that was embodied, dynamic, temporal, holistic and social. Bartlett (1932), however, provided only a hesitant and sketchRunning Head: schema in reconstructionBartlett's concept of schema in reconstructionBrady WagonerDept, of PsychologyAalborg UniversityKroghstraede 3Aa Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructionnt generations and orientations have assimilated schema into their own frameworks, which Bartlett’s reconstructive schema theory would have itself predicted.The present paper explores the concept of schema’s origins, its place within Bartlett’s thought and its successive reconstructions by others af Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructionter him. First, 1 present the trace theory’ of memory, which Bartlett was reacting against in developing his own theory, rhe memory trace was the domiBartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction
nant metaphor of memory' in physiological, psychological and philosophical discourses of Bartlett’s time, and perhaps our own as well. Second, I argueRunning Head: schema in reconstructionBartlett's concept of schema in reconstructionBrady WagonerDept, of PsychologyAalborg UniversityKroghstraede 3Aa Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructiontreating memory as a substance he explores it as a situated activity made possible by a myriad of different processes. Third, I discuss Head’s (1920) concept of schema together with Bartlett's critique and extension of it. For Head ‘schema’ was a purely embodied concept, whereas for Bartlett It take Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructions on social and reflexive significance. Fourth, I outline remembering as a self-reflective process and explicate the phrase 'turning around upon [onesBartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction
] own schema and constructing them afresh' (p. 206). Fifth, I look at the different waves of reconstructing ’schema' since Bartlett and in so doing maRunning Head: schema in reconstructionBartlett's concept of schema in reconstructionBrady WagonerDept, of PsychologyAalborg UniversityKroghstraede 3Aa Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructionrtlett's ‘theory of remembering’ is explicitly developed as an alternative to the trace theory of memory, which has dominated western thinking about memory for two and half centuries (Danziger, 2008). Plato was the first to posit It in his Theaetetus, where he had US Imagine that there was a wax tab Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructionlet in the mind called ‘the memory', into which new experiences leave an Imprint. When we remember an experience we simply read off what was ImpressedBartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction
on the wax. This sets the stage for regarding memory as just a copy of experience, a faded form of perception. This idea was most clearly developed bRunning Head: schema in reconstructionBartlett's concept of schema in reconstructionBrady WagonerDept, of PsychologyAalborg UniversityKroghstraede 3Aa Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructionmages. Although contemporary theorists have moved away from the specific metaphor of wax-tablet, the root metaphor of memory as Individuated marks on a surface has persisted down the ages, such that we now speak of memories as being like3code magnetically inscribed on a computer hard disk or physica Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructionlly inscribed in brain as an "engram" (literally "that which is converted into writing”). Bartlett (1932, p. 198) described the trace theory in generaBartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction
l terms thus;When any specific event occurs some trace, or some group of traces, is made and stored up in the organism or mind. Later, an immediate stRunning Head: schema in reconstructionBartlett's concept of schema in reconstructionBrady WagonerDept, of PsychologyAalborg UniversityKroghstraede 3Aa Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructiongn, the re-excitement appears to ho equivalent to recall.This notion of spatial storage of memories is now so deeply embedded in our thinking that we tend to take the figurative assumptions of the metaphor as literally true. Danziger (2002) has argued that the metaphor leads US to assume memory is a Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction mental faculty literally 'in the head’; that it Is naturally divisible Into three distinct phases, now called 'encoding', 'storage' and 'retrieval';Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction
that memories are stored as Individuated ‘traces', now presumed to exist in the brain; and that memories retain the same meaning irrespective of the cRunning Head: schema in reconstructionBartlett's concept of schema in reconstructionBrady WagonerDept, of PsychologyAalborg UniversityKroghstraede 3Aa Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructionairs and segmented stories, their analytic focus on counting 'items’ remembered, forgotten or distorted, and Lheir treatment of the laboratory as a kind of social vacuum.Ebbinghaus's (1885/1991) classic study The Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology is typical in this regard. Bartlett's Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction criticisms of it are revealing: First, he questions the tendency to consider humans as passively4reacting to stimuli. Although psychology is now willBartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction
ing to accept the mind is active, it is still studied by most psychologists using a neo-behaviorist methodology' whereby some stimulus is varied (indeRunning Head: schema in reconstructionBartlett's concept of schema in reconstructionBrady WagonerDept, of PsychologyAalborg UniversityKroghstraede 3Aa Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructionarch for "efficient causality" rather than "agent causality" (see Harré 2002). Second, Bartlett points out that simplifying the stimulus does not necessarily simplify the response. Subjects still tended to give non-sense syllables a meaning. Moreover, this very attempt to use simple and meaningless Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructionstimuli, so as to isolate the response, results in wholly artificial conditions with little relation to its workings in everyday life. Lastly, experimBartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction
ents are not social vacuums; experiments are social contexts that channel human responses in particular directions.From Storage to Action: Bartlett’s Running Head: schema in reconstructionBartlett's concept of schema in reconstructionBrady WagonerDept, of PsychologyAalborg UniversityKroghstraede 3Aa Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructiond with its environment. The mind is taken 'out of the head’ and situated in the ongoing transactions between a person and his or her environment? From this perspective, remembering is considered as a situated activity, bringing together multiple different processes, to act in the world. Mind and mem Bartlett’s concept of schema in reconstructionory arc here not separate entities or substances but sets of processes contributing to environmental adaptation. In Bartlett’s own words:I have neverBartlett’s concept of schema in reconstruction
regarded memory as a faculty, as a reaction narrowed and ringed around, containing all its peculiarities and all explanations within itself. 1 have5Running Head: schema in reconstructionBartlett's concept of schema in reconstructionBrady WagonerDept, of PsychologyAalborg UniversityKroghstraede 3AaGọi ngay
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