homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state
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homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state
Social Evolution & History / September 200518A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State: Benin Kingdom of the 13,h-19"' Centuries*Dmitri M. Bond homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_statedarenkoCenter for Civilization and Regional Studies, MoscowABSTRACTUntil recently, cultural evolution has commonly been regarded as a permanent teleological move to a greater level of hierarchy, crowned with state formation. However, recent research based upon the principle of heterarchy - "... the homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_staterelation of elements to one another when they are unranked or when they possess the potential for being ranked in a number of different ways’ (Crumleyhomoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state
1995: 3) changes the usual picture dramatically. The opposite of heterarchy, then, would be a condition in a society in which relationships in most cSocial Evolution & History / September 200518A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State: Benin Kingdom of the 13,h-19"' Centuries*Dmitri M. Bond homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_stated heterarchy represent the most universal ‘ideal’ principles and basic trajectories of socio-cultural (including political) organization and its transformations. There are no universal evolutionary stages -band, tribe, chiefdom, state or otherwise - inasmuch as cultures so characterized could be het homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_stateerarchical or homoarchical: they could be organized differently, while having an equal level of overall social complexity. However, alternativity exishomoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state
ts not only between heterarchic and homoarchic cultures but also within each of the respective types.In particular, the present article attempts at deSocial Evolution & History / September 200518A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State: Benin Kingdom of the 13,h-19"' Centuries*Dmitri M. Bond homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_stateomplexity, nevertheless was not a state as it lacked administrative specialization and pronounced priority of the supra-kin ties.Social Evolution & History, Vol. 4 No. 2, September 2005 18-8819 Social Evolution & History / September 2005© 2005 ‘Uchitel’ Publishing HouseThe Benin form of socio-politi homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_statecal organization can be called ‘megacommunity’, and its structure can be depicted as four concentric circles forming an upset cone: the extended familhomoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state
y, community, chiefdom, and megacommunity (kingdom). Thus, the homoarchic megacommunity turns out an alternative to the homoarchic by definition (ClaeSocial Evolution & History / September 200518A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State: Benin Kingdom of the 13,h-19"' Centuries*Dmitri M. Bond homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_stateotayev's minds during an informal discussion of Carole Crumley's concept of ‘heterarchy’ (1979; 1987; 1995; 2001). Crumley (1995: 3; see also 1979: 144; 1987: 158; 2001: 25) defines the heterarchy ‘...as the relation of elements to one another when they are unranked or when they possess (he potentia homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_statel for being ranked in a number of different ways’, just in the vein heterarchy is defined in biophysics from which the term was imported by her to sochomoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state
ial science (see Crumley 1987: 156-157). Respectively, homoarchy may be coined as ‘the relation of elements to one another when they are rigidly rankeSocial Evolution & History / September 200518A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State: Benin Kingdom of the 13,h-19"' Centuries*Dmitri M. Bond homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_statet without cardinal reshaping of the whole socio-political order’. The association used for delimitation of heterarchy and hierarchy in cybernetics is applicable for our purposes as well: ‘Heterarchy [is the] form of organization resembling a network or fishnet’ while ‘Hierarchy [is the] form of orga homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_statenization resembling a pyramid’ (Dictionary n.d).However, in social science homoarchy must not be identified with hierarchy (as well as heterarchy musthomoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state
not be mixed up with egalitarianism [Brumfiel 1995: 129]). Hierarchy is an attribute of any social system while on the other hand, in any society botSocial Evolution & History / September 200518A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State: Benin Kingdom of the 13,h-19"' Centuries*Dmitri M. Bond homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_statelanton 1998; Bondarenko and Korotayev 2000c; for this dictum verity's explicit confirmation in recent works on an impressive variety of specific cultures, based onBondarenko / A Homoarchic Alternative ... 20 different kinds of sources - archaeological, written, and first-hand ethnographic, see e.g., homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state Kelly 1993; Jolly and Mosko 1994; Small 1995; Wailes 1995; Kammerer 1998; Kristiansen 1998: 54-56; Nangoro 1998: 47-48; Anderson, c. E. 1999; Kuijt 2homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state
000: 312-315; Scarborough et al. 2003). More so: sometimes it seems too difficult to designate a society as ‘homoarchic’ or ‘heterarchic’ even at the Social Evolution & History / September 200518A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State: Benin Kingdom of the 13,h-19"' Centuries*Dmitri M. Bond homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state’ in which one can observe monarchy and quite rigid social hierarchy combined with (at least at the beginning) democratic institutions and procedures (like selection of the king), not less significant for the whole socio-political system's operation (see, e.g., Diesner 1966; Claude 1970; Dvoretskaja homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state 1982). Hence, the questions which rise are if in a given social system there is only one hierarchy or there many of them? and in the latter case, arehomoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state
the hierarchies ranked rigidly or not: do, say, two individuals find themselves ranked towards each other the same way in any social context or not?ESocial Evolution & History / September 200518A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State: Benin Kingdom of the 13,h-19"' Centuries*Dmitri M. Bond homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_statetral to all the hierarchies and not only integrates but also arranges in a definite pyramidal order all the other, secondary to it, values and hierarchies they underpin. Under such circumstances this value ‘encompasses’ all the rest and makes the society ‘holistic’ (Dumont 1966/1980), that is homoar homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_statechic when the whole unequivocally dominates parts as the supreme expression of that all-embracing and all-penetrable value. Although Dumont's vision ohomoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state
f ‘purity’ as the value (or idea) encompassing the holistic society in India is criticized nowadays (Mosko 1994b: 24-50; Quigley 1999), his theoreticaSocial Evolution & History / September 200518A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State: Benin Kingdom of the 13,h-19"' Centuries*Dmitri M. Bond homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_statearly did play precisely the role Dumont attributes to that of purity in the case of India. On the contrary, when ‘there is a multiplicity of “hierarchical” or asymmetrical oppositions, none of which are reducible to any of the others or to a single master opposition or value’, ‘the ... case immediat homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_stateely departs from the Dumontian21 Social Evolution & History / September 2005formulation’ (Mosko 1994a: 214) - the society does not fit the homoarchichomoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state
(or hierarchic in the Dumontian sense) model.So, I hope that the idea of homoarchy may serve as a useful counterpart for that of heterarchy (BondarenkSocial Evolution & History / September 200518A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State: Benin Kingdom of the 13,h-19"' Centuries*Dmitri M. Bond homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_stateterarchy and homoarchy, not to power relations only (to what Crumley destines the former of them') but within a broader framework of social relations and structure in general. In his review of one of Crumley's recent articles on heterarchy Robert Carneiro asks: ‘But by introducing (his (erm into the homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state study of political evolution does Crumley really enhance our understanding of the process?’ (2004: 163). The answer (he patriarch of cultural evolutihomoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state
onist studies gives himself is strongly in the negative. I would dare disagree with Carneiro and say that in my opinion, the concept of heterarchy is Social Evolution & History / September 200518A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State: Benin Kingdom of the 13,h-19"' Centuries*Dmitri M. Bond homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state Scarborough et al. 2003; Alexeev et al. 2004: 5-17]) even in its present (initial) form. In the meantime I hope that its broadening first, by supplementing with the notion of homoarchy and second, by extending its inclusion up to the whole scope and variety of relations in society, could make the c homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_stateoncept's validity even higher.Fair dissatisfaction with the ‘classical’ unilineal typological schemes like ‘from band to state’ (Service 1962/1971) orhomoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state
‘from egalitarian organization to state society’ (Fried 1967) growing especially rapidly from (he second half of (he 1980s (see particularly, Mann 19Social Evolution & History / September 200518A Homoarchic Alternative to the Homoarchic State: Benin Kingdom of the 13,h-19"' Centuries*Dmitri M. Bond homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_stateuidi 2002; Grinin et al. 2004), has resulted in thus much fair and theoretically prospective shift of researchers' emphasis from societies as isolated entities to (hem as elements of wider cultural networks, and in connection with it, from evolutionary stages to transformation processes. However, I homoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_statedo believe that Carneiro (2000; 2003: 155-156) is essentially right when he argues that the dichotomy ‘process versus stages’ is ‘false’: both are imphomoarchic_alternative_to_the_homoarchic_state
ortant. (In theBondarenko / A Homoarchic Alternative ...22meantime, I leave apart the problems I feel with Carnciro's concrete interpretation concentrGọi ngay
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