Fake news
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Fake news
Fake News 1In press, Journal of Experimental Psychology: GeneralRUNNING HEAD: PRIOR EXPOSURE AND FAKE NEWSPrior exposure increases perceived accuracy Fake news of fake newsGordon Pennycook1*. Tyrone D. Cannon1, & David G. Rand12-3'Department of Psychology. -'Department of Economics. -’School of Management. Yale University. 1 Prospect Street. New Haven. CT 06511. USA“Corresponding author: gordon.pennycook@yale.eduKey Words: fake news; news media; social me Fake news dia; fluency; illusory truth effect3t. https7/ssm.com/abs tract=2958246Fake News 2AbstractThe 2016 US Presidential Election brought considerable attenFake news
tion to the phenomenon of “fake news”: entirely fabricated and often partisan content that is presented as factual. Here we demonstrate one mechanism Fake News 1In press, Journal of Experimental Psychology: GeneralRUNNING HEAD: PRIOR EXPOSURE AND FAKE NEWSPrior exposure increases perceived accuracy Fake news ok, we show that even a single exposure increases subsequent perceptions of accuracy, both within the same session and after a week. Moreover, this “illusory truth effect” for fake news headlines occurs despite a low level of overall believability, and even when the stories are labeled as contested Fake news by fact checkers or are inconsistent with the reader's political ideology. These results suggest that social media platforms help to incubate belief iFake news
n blatantly false news stories, and that tagging such stories as disputed is not an effective solution to this problem. Interestingly, however, we alsFake News 1In press, Journal of Experimental Psychology: GeneralRUNNING HEAD: PRIOR EXPOSURE AND FAKE NEWSPrior exposure increases perceived accuracy Fake news lthough extreme implausibility is a boundary condition of the illusory truth effect, only a small degree of potential plausibility is sufficient for repetition to increase perceived accuracy. As a consequence, the scope and impact of repetition on beliefs is greater than previously assumed.Ironic co Fake news py available at. https://ssm.com/abstract=2958246Fake News 3The ability to form accurate beliefs, particularly about issues of great importance, is keFake news
y to our success as individuals as well as the functioning of our societal institutions (and. in particular, democracy). Across a wide range of domainFake News 1In press, Journal of Experimental Psychology: GeneralRUNNING HEAD: PRIOR EXPOSURE AND FAKE NEWSPrior exposure increases perceived accuracy Fake news societal constructs of rationality and sanity (Corlett. 2009: Sanford. Veckenstedt. & Moritz. 2014). Yet the ability to form and update beliefs about the world sometimes goes awry -and not just in the context of inconsequential, small-stakes decisions.The potential for systematic inaccuracy in impo Fake news rtant beliefs has been particularly highlighted by the wide-spread consumption of disinformation during the 2016 US Presidential Election. This is mosFake news
t notably exemplified by so-called “fake news"’ - that is, news stories that were fabricated (but presented as if from legitimate sources) and promoteFake News 1In press, Journal of Experimental Psychology: GeneralRUNNING HEAD: PRIOR EXPOSURE AND FAKE NEWSPrior exposure increases perceived accuracy Fake news rticles on Facebook in the months leading up to the election revealed that the lop fake news articles actually outperformed the top real news articles in terms of shares, likes, and comments (Silverman. Strapagiel. Shaban. & Hall. 2016). Although it is unclear to what extent fake news influenced the Fake news outcome of the Presidential Election (Allcolt & Gentzkow. 2017). there is no question that many people were deceived by entirely fabricated (and ofteFake news
n quite fanciful) lake news stories - including, for example, high-ranking government officials, such as Pakistan's defense minister (Goldman. 2016). Fake News 1In press, Journal of Experimental Psychology: GeneralRUNNING HEAD: PRIOR EXPOSURE AND FAKE NEWSPrior exposure increases perceived accuracy Fake news ight be called mass delusions?Here, we explore one potential answer: prior exposure. Given the ease with which fake news can be created and distributed on social media platforms (Shane, 2017). combined with ourectronic copy available at: https://ssm.com/abstract=2958246Fake News 4increasing tendency Fake news to consume news via social media (Gottfried & Shearer. 2016). it is likely that we are being exposed to fake news stories with much greater frequencyFake news
than in the past. Might exposure per se help to explain people’s tendency to believe outlandish political disinformation?The Illusory Truth EffectTheFake News 1In press, Journal of Experimental Psychology: GeneralRUNNING HEAD: PRIOR EXPOSURE AND FAKE NEWSPrior exposure increases perceived accuracy Fake news ials”) increases the likelihood that participants will judge it to be accurate (Arkes. Boehm. & Xu. 1991: Bacon. 1979: Begg. Anas.& Farinacci, 1992: Dechene, Stahl, Hansen, & Wanke, 2010; Fazio, Brashier. Payne, & Marsh, 2015: Hasher. Goldstein. & Toppino. 1977; Polage. 2012; Schwartz. 1982). The do Fake news minant account of this “illusory truth effect” is that repetition increases the ease with which statements are processed (i.e.. processing fluency), wFake news
hich in turn is used heuristically to infer accuracy (Alter & Oppenheimer, 2009; Begget al., 1992; Reber. Winkiehnan. & Schwarz, 1998:Unkelbach. 2007;Fake News 1In press, Journal of Experimental Psychology: GeneralRUNNING HEAD: PRIOR EXPOSURE AND FAKE NEWSPrior exposure increases perceived accuracy Fake news f innocuousand plausible statements, such as obscure trivia questions (Bacon. 1979) or assertions aboutconsumer products (Hawkins & Hoch, 1992; Johar & Roggeveen, 2007). Repetition can even increase the perceived accuracy of plausible but false statements among participants who are subsequently able Fake news to identify the correct answer (Fazio et al.. 2015).Here we ask whether illusory truth effects will extend to fake news. Given that the fake news stoFake news
ries circulating on social media are quite different from the stimuli that have been employed in previous illusory truth experiments, finding such an Fake News 1In press, Journal of Experimental Psychology: GeneralRUNNING HEAD: PRIOR EXPOSURE AND FAKE NEWSPrior exposure increases perceived accuracy Fake news =2958246Fake News 5will argue, informs theoretical models of the effect. Indeed, there are numerous reasons to think that simple prior exposure will not extend to fake news.Implausibility as a potential boundary condition of the illusory truth effectFake news stories are constructed with the goal of Fake news drawing attention, and are therefore often quite fantastical and implausible. For example. Pennycook and Rand (2018) gave participants a set of politFake news
ically partisan fake news headlines collected from online websites (e.g., “Trump to Ban All TV Shows that Promote Gay Activity Starling with Empire asFake News 1In press, Journal of Experimental Psychology: GeneralRUNNING HEAD: PRIOR EXPOSURE AND FAKE NEWSPrior exposure increases perceived accuracy Fake news Fazio et al. (2015) found that false trivia items were judged to be tnie around 40% of the time, even when restricting the analysis to participants who were subsequently able to recognize the statement as false. Thus, these previous statements (such as “chemosynthesis is the name of the process by Fake news which plants make their food"), despite being untrue, are much more plausible than typical fake news headlines. T1ŨS may have consequences for whetherFake news
repetition increases perceived accuracy of fake news: When it is completely obvious that a statement is false, it may be perceived as inaccurate regaFake News 1In press, Journal of Experimental Psychology: GeneralRUNNING HEAD: PRIOR EXPOSURE AND FAKE NEWSPrior exposure increases perceived accuracy Fake news truth proposed by Fazio and colleagues (under which knowledge only influences judgment when people do not rely on fluency), the possibility of such an effect is acknowledged in their discussion when they state that they "expect that participants would draw on their knowledge, regardless of fluency, Fake news if statements contained implausible errors" (p. 1000). Similarly, when summarizing a meta-analysis of illusory truth effects. (Dechene et al.. 2010)Fake news
argued that: "Statements have to be ambiguous, that is. participants have to be uncertain about their truth status because otherwise the statements’ tFake News 1In press, Journal of Experimental Psychology: GeneralRUNNING HEAD: PRIOR EXPOSURE AND FAKE NEWSPrior exposure increases perceived accuracyGọi ngay
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