Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better
Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better
Running head: MODELS OF DELAY DISCOUNTING1Models of ADHD: Five ways smaller sooner is betterPeter R. KilleenDepartment of Psychology. Arizona State Un Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better niversity. Tempe AZ 85281 USAJournal of Neuroscience Methods, 2015, DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2O15.01.011Author Note: Tins would not have been written without Vivienne Russell's encouragement and intellectual partnership.Killeen@asu.eduRunning head: MODELS OF DELAY DISCOUNTING3Models of ADHD: Five way Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better s smaller sooner is better1. IntroductionIndividuals presenting with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disoidei involving hyperactivity. impulsivrty (ADModels of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better
HD-HI and ADHD-C) are notoriously less prudent—more impulsive—than typically developing controls. They are worse at plaiming ahead: taking the longer Running head: MODELS OF DELAY DISCOUNTING1Models of ADHD: Five ways smaller sooner is betterPeter R. KilleenDepartment of Psychology. Arizona State Un Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better unmindful of then potential grave consequences. It would be invaluable to have a biologically based sign of the disorder to reduce categorization error and to make benefits of therapies more directly measurable (e g.. Redei et al.. 2014). Absent that, a laboratory' task that did not rely on the ofte Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better n poorly correlated reports of teachers and parents would lie useful. The search for such a test has occupied many researchers* careers. As the case fModels of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better
or every category of the DSM. individuals categorized ADHD are heterogeneous in behavior, with symptoms over lapping with other categories—including tRunning head: MODELS OF DELAY DISCOUNTING1Models of ADHD: Five ways smaller sooner is betterPeter R. KilleenDepartment of Psychology. Arizona State Un Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better ormality (Nigg. 2005). but rather a morass of hills and swamps, whose names and topogr aphies change with the tides of expeit opinions.It is reasonable then to focus on a central character istic while understanding that it can provide only a partial indicant of the disorder. This paper focuses on im Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better piilsixity. here defined as greater control by events proximal in psychological space and time than by those more distal, to an extent significantly gModels of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better
reater than that seen in a reference population: Attention IS captured byRunning head: MODELS OF DELAY DISCOUNTING4now more readily than by when. (TheRunning head: MODELS OF DELAY DISCOUNTING1Models of ADHD: Five ways smaller sooner is betterPeter R. KilleenDepartment of Psychology. Arizona State Un Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better ly inattentive type. ADHD-I). That the mind wanders where vagi ant attention leads does not mean that it finds a stable lodging there. ADHD-I are marked by inability to sustain focus on a task; ADHD-HI by the energy with which they engage distracting stimuli once then attention drifts from a task, a Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better nd with which they reengage when attention drifts again to another distraction. The parent, teacher, and experimenter's concern with ADHD IS the indivModels of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better
iduals' inability to tether their attention to the loci favored by that authority: Attention to the immediate task of completing an assignment, or absRunning head: MODELS OF DELAY DISCOUNTING1Models of ADHD: Five ways smaller sooner is betterPeter R. KilleenDepartment of Psychology. Arizona State Un Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better iousness to the hook suspending It.There are many laboratory tasks designed to measure this core inability to marshal attention The one under review here measures how easy it is to distract the individual from sanctioned but remote goods with more immediate bait. There are several ways that this mig Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better ht be arranged; for instance, one might study preferences between a nominally preferred outcome followed by a more delayed punisher, compared to a lesModels of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better
s-preferred outcome followed by a no punisher—or even by another delayed good These would emulate the consequence of delayed blame for taking the forbRunning head: MODELS OF DELAY DISCOUNTING1Models of ADHD: Five ways smaller sooner is betterPeter R. KilleenDepartment of Psychology. Arizona State Un Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better re aie very few studies of this type. But there is a more typical version of It. on which this paper is focused.A now-classic procedure employed to study impulsivity is the Smaìỉ-Saon vs. Large-Late (SSLL) paradigm. This, and other similar procedures, are reviewed in various locales: for the basics Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better (Madden and Johnson. 2010). for the economics (Lowenstein and Elster. 1992). and forRunning head: MODELS OF DELAY DISCOUNTING5the relation of the findModels of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better
ings to state and trait variables (Odum and Bauman. 2010). The procedure is applicable to both verbal and non-verbal animals, although details of its Running head: MODELS OF DELAY DISCOUNTING1Models of ADHD: Five ways smaller sooner is betterPeter R. KilleenDepartment of Psychology. Arizona State Un Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better hoice between two hypothetical outcomes: for example. S100 111 a week (the LL). or $50 now (the SS). If the individual chooses the immediate $50. then it is decreased (say. to $40) and the question is asked again. Tins process is continued until amounts are found such that the individual IS indiffer Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better ent between the ss and the LL The titration then recommences at a different value of delay. Representative findings are shown in Fig. 1. where the decModels of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better
reasing data points constitute discount functions, and the curves through them discount function rules. The rales are equations, the most traditional Running head: MODELS OF DELAY DISCOUNTING1Models of ADHD: Five ways smaller sooner is betterPeter R. KilleenDepartment of Psychology. Arizona State Un Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better utility of a good of immediate value v( equals that value multiplied by an exponential function of the delay di to its receipt. This is exponential discountingut (v- .d.) ■ v( / (1 + kd,)-2In Eq. 2 the utility of a good equals its immediate value divided by a linear function ofthe delay to its rece Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better ipt. This is called hyperbolic discounting.Running head: MODELS OF DELAY DISCOUNTING6Fig. I The proportion by which the immediate value of different aModels of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better
mounts of money decrease as a function of their decay. The data are from Myerson and Green (1995). The shallower function for the larger amount is calRunning head: MODELS OF DELAY DISCOUNTING1Models of ADHD: Five ways smaller sooner is betterPeter R. KilleenDepartment of Psychology. Arizona State Un Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better scounting (and hyperbolic accounting. giving complementary interest rates). It would be possible to make "Dutch book" with them, turning them into money pumps: Borrow money long term, where the slow right tail will make rates attractive, and lend It back to the bank short term, where the high discou Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better nt rates will generate complementary high interest rates. Pull the money out after a bit when the interest rates flatten, and then redeposit It. TheseModels of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better
dynamics drive financial rules toward the exponential, which is the only function with a constant marginal rate of discoiuiting. Unlike such hiunan iRunning head: MODELS OF DELAY DISCOUNTING1Models of ADHD: Five ways smaller sooner is betterPeter R. KilleenDepartment of Psychology. Arizona State Un Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better -gatherer had a windfall of food, the only way for her to bank It was to share it. Hyperbolic accounting has proven a more representative Hile for what humans do; but it is not yet a perfect representation. Embedded in It are the assumptions that human’s future perspective IS Models of ADHD five ways smaller sooner is better Running head: MODELS OF DELAY DISCOUNTING1Models of ADHD: Five ways smaller sooner is betterPeter R. KilleenDepartment of Psychology. Arizona State UnGọi ngay
Chat zalo
Facebook