Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017
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Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017
Can experience be evidence? Craft knowledge and Evidence-based policingJenny Fleming, I.fiemlng.@scton.ac.ukRod Rhodes, r~a.w.thodes@sotoh.ac.ukUniver Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017rsity of Southampton, UKABSTRACTThis article explores the use of evidence and other varieties of knowledge in police decision-making. It surveys official government policy, demonstrating that evidence-based policymaking is the dominant policy-making paradigm in the United Kingdom. It discusses the l Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017imits to social science knowledge in policymaking. The article explores four ideas associated with the notion of'experience'; occupational culture; inCan-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017
stitutional memory; local knowledge, and craft, drawing on data from four UK police forces. We discuss the limits to experiential knowledge and concluCan experience be evidence? Craft knowledge and Evidence-based policingJenny Fleming, I.fiemlng.@scton.ac.ukRod Rhodes, r~a.w.thodes@sotoh.ac.ukUniver Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017ORDSEvidence-based policy, evidence-based policing, experience, focus group research, craft, political knowledge.1Introductionin the public policy literature, there has been a renew cd interest in using evidence to support policymaking (Stoker and Evans 2016). Tn turn, there have been vigorous excha Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017nges about what we mean by ‘evidence-based’ policymaking (L13P). Much of this discussion has focused on what counts as evidence and what constitutes tCan-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017
he ‘best’ evidence (T.earmonth and Harding 2006). I llis article explores the debate surrounding the use of evidence hl police decision making using dCan experience be evidence? Craft knowledge and Evidence-based policingJenny Fleming, I.fiemlng.@scton.ac.ukRod Rhodes, r~a.w.thodes@sotoh.ac.ukUniver Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017pecifically, we ask what experiential knowledge is and why it is relevant to police decisionmaking.The debate about the relative merits of evidence-based and experiential knowledge has moved centre stage. For many, there is a strict division between experience, craft and scientific facts. Sherman (1 Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017998: 4) argues that evidence-based research must be ‘a systematic effort to parse out and codify unsystematic “experience” as the basis for police worCan-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017
k’. Others less persuaded there are such scientific certainties have argued that "evidence' takes many forms and there are multiple forms of knowledgeCan experience be evidence? Craft knowledge and Evidence-based policingJenny Fleming, I.fiemlng.@scton.ac.ukRod Rhodes, r~a.w.thodes@sotoh.ac.ukUniver Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017 has always included many more different types of investigations to acquire and use knowledge' (sec also Spanow 2011).This article focuses on the varieties of knowledge and begins with an account of official government policy and its dominant paradigm of EBP in the UK generally and in policing speci Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017fically. Second, we discuss the limits to social science knowledge in policymaking, rhe section is brief because the much-rehearsed arguments about thCan-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017
e theory and practice of policymaking are well documented. Third, to move beyond the science versus2experience debate, we explore the notion of experiCan experience be evidence? Craft knowledge and Evidence-based policingJenny Fleming, I.fiemlng.@scton.ac.ukRod Rhodes, r~a.w.thodes@sotoh.ac.ukUniver Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017ese terms to provide a thematic analysis of focus groups drawn from four UK police forces. We use police as our case study to highlight the way in which experience and inherited knowledges are shared and assimilated in an organisation. The case study identifies the varieties of knowledge the police Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017draw on. It shows how experience is the inherited knowledge base of much police work and how such knowledge is intrinsically seen as valuable, practicCan-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017
al and conducive to problem solving. We show that police officers draw on any source of knowledge that helps them do their job. whether it is their loCan experience be evidence? Craft knowledge and Evidence-based policingJenny Fleming, I.fiemlng.@scton.ac.ukRod Rhodes, r~a.w.thodes@sotoh.ac.ukUniver Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017hat all sources of knowledge have their limits. All are constructed in an organisational and political context that selects the facts and their relevance. We argue that experience is crucial to notions of evidence-based policing because the police draw on a variety of knowledges, selecting their kno Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017wledge based on whether it makes sense to them and fits in with what they ‘know* already. We must recognise these varieties of knowledge, and the roleCan-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017
of experience in weaving them together. These combined understandings will be the basis of decision-making in practice. We argue for a systematic appCan experience be evidence? Craft knowledge and Evidence-based policingJenny Fleming, I.fiemlng.@scton.ac.ukRod Rhodes, r~a.w.thodes@sotoh.ac.ukUniver Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017only against an exclusive reliance on it.Evidence-Based Policymaking ill the UKAt the heart of Labour's Cabinet office (1999) professional policymaking model is the concept of EBP. This model purports to ‘use the best available evidence from a wide range of sources'; ‘leam[ing] from the experience o Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017f what works and what doesn't' through3systematic evaluation (Cabinet Office 1999: para. 2.11). When the Coalition government launched its Open PublicCan-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017
Services White Paper (Cm 8145. 2011), twelve years later, and the emphasis was still on ‘building on evidence of what works'. Phrases like ‘sound eviCan experience be evidence? Craft knowledge and Evidence-based policingJenny Fleming, I.fiemlng.@scton.ac.ukRod Rhodes, r~a.w.thodes@sotoh.ac.ukUniver Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017nistrative resources match Government policy priorities' so the Government can get ‘value tor taxpayers1 money in delivering its objectives (Cabinet office 2012: 14. 16 and 20). The Cabinet office’s Behavioural Sciences Unit claimed to be ‘global leaders in experiment design’, and to have ‘run more Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017randomised controlled (rials than the rest of the UK government combined ill Its history’.• The instrumental rationality of EBP was alive and well andCan-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017
at the heart of the Coalition's reform agenda.EBP displays a marked predilection for randomised controlled trials (RCT) (see)and many people promote Can experience be evidence? Craft knowledge and Evidence-based policingJenny Fleming, I.fiemlng.@scton.ac.ukRod Rhodes, r~a.w.thodes@sotoh.ac.ukUniver Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017003; Pawson and Tilley 1997) but RCTs are fashionable. In brief. RCTs involve identifying the new policy intervention. determining the anticipated outcomes, and specifying ways of measuring (hose outcomes. Following this, the investigator chooses control groups, whether comprised of individuals or i Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017nstitutions. The policy intervention is randomly assigned to the target groups with a designated control group. Using a randomly assigned control grouCan-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017
p enables the investigator to compare a new intervention with a group where nothing has changed. Randomisation is considered appropriate to eradicate Can experience be evidence? Craft knowledge and Evidence-based policingJenny Fleming, I.fiemlng.@scton.ac.ukRod Rhodes, r~a.w.thodes@sotoh.ac.ukUniver Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017ult of the findings. The catchphrase for rhe approach is test, learn, adapt’ (Haynes el al. 2012: 8-9). With its roots in clinical trials, the influence of the natural sciences’ methods IS clear.4Pearce and Raman (2014) suggest there has been a specific focus on promoting the use of RCTs in policyma Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017king. They note how the message of the RCT as a 'gold standard' within a hierarchy of evidence has been widely disseminated. The authors cite the promCan-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017
inent author, physician and academic. Ben Goldacre. arguing that RCTs can benefit policy by concentrating on 'what works' rather than relying on ‘eminCan experience be evidence? Craft knowledge and Evidence-based policingJenny Fleming, I.fiemlng.@scton.ac.ukRod Rhodes, r~a.w.thodes@sotoh.ac.ukUniver Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017o value a plurality of sources and forms of knowledge in UK public policymaking.In March 2013 the Cabinet office launched the ‘What Works Nehvork’. a nationally coordinated initiative aimed at strengthening the use of research-based evidence on 'what works' in public policymaking. The network was de Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017veloped in a political environment that not only supported the idea of evidence-based decision-making but also greater costeffectiveness in an era ofCan-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017
austerity. Currently, there are seven research centres* focusing on six key areas of public policy, intended to build on existing models of deliveringCan experience be evidence? Craft knowledge and Evidence-based policingJenny Fleming, I.fiemlng.@scton.ac.ukRod Rhodes, r~a.w.thodes@sotoh.ac.ukUniver Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017or Crime Reduction), emphasise the use of systematic review and RCTs while others such as the well-established and well-funded National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence have a more nuanced view of what constitutes evidence (Bristow et al 2015) including stakeholders’ views and expert jud Can-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017gement in their deliberations as to what constitutes evidenceThe policing service is another example of the government's endorsement of EBP. ' The ‘ WCan-Experience-be-Evidence-final-17Jy2017
hat Works Centre for Crime Reduction' (WWCCR) was established in 2013 to develop a strong evidence-base for decision-making around crime reduction. ItGọi ngay
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