FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020
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FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020
Book ReviewsNative Southerners: Indigenous History from Origins to Removal. By Gregory I). Smithers. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. Pp. FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020 X, 259. Paper, $29.95, ISBN 978-0-8061-6228-7.)Gregory D. Smithers attempts to do what most historians would consider impossible: write the history of a vast region, home to numerous and diverse Native communities; cover a broad sweep of time, from Indigenous origins to the 1830s; incorporate Nativ FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020e voices and perspectives, not as relics of the past, but as living stories that give the region a deeper meaning; and do so in less than two hundredFinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020
pages of text. One would have to go back to al least the publication of J. Leitch Wright’s The Only Land They Knew: The Tragic Story of the American IBook ReviewsNative Southerners: Indigenous History from Origins to Removal. By Gregory I). Smithers. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. Pp. FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020uld really have to go back to R. s. CotterilFs The Southern Indians: The Story of the Civilized Tribes before Removal (Norman, Okla., 1954). But these books cannot compare with what Smithers has managed to accomplish.Smithers skillfully utilizes an immense library of books and articles that have bee FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020n produced over the past few decades. Archaeologists, historians, and anthropologists, often with a spirit of mutual interest and collaboration, haveFinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020
investigated a seemingly exponential number of new questions and topics. Scholars now know more about the nature of the chicfdom societies that dominaBook ReviewsNative Southerners: Indigenous History from Origins to Removal. By Gregory I). Smithers. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. Pp. FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020selves in a changing environment; and how they went through cycles of growing, devolving, and rebuilding. Historians now understand more fully the shattering impact that the arrival of Europeans had as slave raids and epidemics remade the social landscape. We understand the various conflicts between FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020 Natives and newcomers as more complex than simple explanations revolving around cultural clashes.Smithers teachers his readers all of the above whileFinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020
moving them steadily and quickly ahead in lime. Scholars view Native politics of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as complicated and diverse,Book ReviewsNative Southerners: Indigenous History from Origins to Removal. By Gregory I). Smithers. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. Pp. FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020e Southeast was composed not only of the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles but also of Catawbas, Yuchis, Occaneechis, Lumbees, Saponis, Natchez, Houmas, Caddos, and others. All of these were actors in creating new worlds of exchange and diplomacy that characterized the region. H FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020istorians now more fully appreciate that, no matter how entangled European empires and Native polities became, the Southeast was Native ground in whicFinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020
h the claims of Britain, France, or Spain remained contested and stunted. We also appreciate how devastating the American Revolution was and how extenBook ReviewsNative Southerners: Indigenous History from Origins to Removal. By Gregory I). Smithers. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. Pp. FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020 peoples for440THE JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORYelimination. But historians also know that diasporic Indigenous peoples rebuilt their lives in Indian Territory, while Native communities remained in southern states and continue to this day to fight for recognition and sovereignty. The history of the Na FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020tive South, as Smithers demonstrates, did not end with the Trail of Tears.One hopes lite stoiy that Smithers sketches sounds familiar to historians ofFinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020
die South. If it does not. such historians should pick up a copy of Native Southerners: Indigenous History from Origins to Removal, read it, and reviBook ReviewsNative Southerners: Indigenous History from Origins to Removal. By Gregory I). Smithers. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. Pp. FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020sls. students, and a general reading audience.Stony Brook UniversityPaul KeltonThe Secret Token: Myth, Obsession, and the Search for the hist Colony of Roanoke. By Andrew Lawler. (New York: Doubleday, 20IS. Pp. XX, 426. $29.95, ISBN 978-0-385-54201-2.)The secret token mentioned in the title to Andre FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020w' Lawler’s new' book is the three letters, c R o, that governor of the Roanoke colony and artist John White found carved into a post upon his returnFinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020
to Roanoke Island in 1590 after an absence of three years. Despite having a strong hunch as to the location of the 117 English settlers he left behindBook ReviewsNative Southerners: Indigenous History from Origins to Removal. By Gregory I). Smithers. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. Pp. FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020sts go? What happened to them, and why? And what does our continued fascination with this story say about us?Lawler has done his homework. In the book's opening section, he tells the story of English efforts to establish an outpost on North American shores. Though there is nothing in this account th FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020at will surprise those familiar with the history of Roanoke, Lawler is a gifted w riter, and he provides a familiar story well told. The Secret Token:FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020
Myth, Obsession, and the Search for the Lost Colony of Roanoke moves along briskly. It is an easy and accessible read.Lawler began this project at a Book ReviewsNative Southerners: Indigenous History from Origins to Removal. By Gregory I). Smithers. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. Pp. FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020ler explores the scholarly efforts to locate the outposts planted by the English in 1585 and 1587. He discusses the W'ork of archaeologists Jean “Pinky” Harrington and Ivor Noel Hume. Ixiwler’s interviews with historians and others investigating Roanoke arc the book’s most interesting contributions, FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020 providing valuable insights into how historians and archaeologists frame questions, conduct research, and. in some cases, allow their desires and preFinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020
judices to cause them to see things that arc not there.In the book's final section, Lawler assesses several explanations for the colonists’ fate. FollBook ReviewsNative Southerners: Indigenous History from Origins to Removal. By Gregory I). Smithers. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. Pp. FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020 to Georgia in the 1930s. He searches for the elusive Simao Fernandes and looks at the history of the Lumbees and the Roanoke-Hatteras Native American community. He discusses the patch on John White’s 1587 map, under which a fort sy mbol was found, and the recent archaeological work by the First Col FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020ony Foundation al Site X. near the head of Albemarle Sound.BOOK REVIEWS441where the fort symbol indicated, Throughout, Lawler examines myths about RoaFinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020
noke so powerful that they “cast spells that cannot be broken by facts” (p. 7). His conclusions are reasonable but predictable: the first Dare Stone mBook ReviewsNative Southerners: Indigenous History from Origins to Removal. By Gregory I). Smithers. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. Pp. FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020r often becomes so enamored with the colorful characters in the Roanoke drama that he overlooks important matters of context. Those English colonists settled on Native ground, and it was Indians, more than anyone else, who determined the colony’s fate. Ijiwler sometimes seems to lose track of the fo FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020rest for several of his story’s very interesting trees.But beyond these criticisms, Lawler has done a workmanlike job, for the most part, in synthesizFinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020
ing the work of many scholars into a highly readable narrative. From their hard-earned wisdom and experience, he cobbles together a story geared towarBook ReviewsNative Southerners: Indigenous History from Origins to Removal. By Gregory I). Smithers. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. Pp. FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020orts, but Lawler stands on the shoulders of the giants in this small field. If he fails to sec as far as he might, he draws together the scholarship of the past and the continuing investigations of the present into an appealing synthesis nonetheless.SUNY-GcncseoMichael Leroy Oberg1619: Jamestown and FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020 the Forging of American Democracy. By James Hom. (New York: Basic Books, 2018. pp. xii, 273. $28.00. ISBN 978-0-465-06469-4.)In American Slavery. AmeFinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020
rican Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York, 1975). that seminal study of life in early Vừginia, Edmund s. Morgan argues that bondage andBook ReviewsNative Southerners: Indigenous History from Origins to Removal. By Gregory I). Smithers. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. Pp. FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020ured, like conjoined twins of a peculiar sort, as tobacco came to define the economic destiny of the English colony. Since its publication. Morgan's work has inspired others to write about the strange pairing. In 1619: Jamestown and the Forging of American Democracy. James Hom revisits the subject, FinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020establishing the year 1619 as an important date in the birth of a nation.A close reading of a plethora of seventeenth-century sources, /6/9 is a tragiFinkelmanKennon-EndingtheCivilWar-JSH-May2020
c yet gripping story. That year marked the advent of democracy in British North America. To promote colonization, Virginia Company investors, led by SGọi ngay
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