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Formation Processes of a Lower-Columbia Plankhouse SiteCameron McPherson Smith38462For publication in the edited volume. Household Archaeology on the Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public Norf Invest Coast.edited by .Ames. KM. Sobel EA. and A Trieu (at press. 2005)Before publication. do not cite without permission of the author.Department of Anthropology Portland State University PO Box 751Portland. Oregon 97207-0751 smithcm@pdx.eduMost archaeological research includes some type of Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publicspatial analysis: how much, of a given type. do MV find in certain places? This is because we know that people generally use space differentially, notFort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public
uniformly. Consequently, the spatial distribution of artifacts and features should inform US about ancient, spatially-expressed social behavior.We alFormation Processes of a Lower-Columbia Plankhouse SiteCameron McPherson Smith38462For publication in the edited volume. Household Archaeology on the Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publicents. The ‘Pompeii Premise* (the assumption that artifacts and/or features are found precisely where they were used and or deposited: see Binford 1981a) has been recognized as a portal to analytical disaster. Therefore, archaeologists have undertaken the study of siteformation processes to identify- Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public how archaeological phenomena were formed and transformed prior to analysis.Site- formation processes take place on many scales, and different processFort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public
es affect different types of artifacts and features. Each archaeological site, then, is the product of a unique set of formation processes that must bFormation Processes of a Lower-Columbia Plankhouse SiteCameron McPherson Smith38462For publication in the edited volume. Household Archaeology on the Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publicses is to match the scales of our analytical units with the scales of the formation processes.These facts indicate that we must understand the full range of a site's formation processes before we infer past social behavior from spatial distributions of artifacts and features.On die Northwest Coast, Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publicspatial distribution analyses are commonly used to understand the social organization of production within and among the remains of the large, multi-fFort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public
amily domestic structures referred to as ‘plankhouses* (for Northwest Coast natives, plankhouses and their inhabitants were the most important social Formation Processes of a Lower-Columbia Plankhouse SiteCameron McPherson Smith38462For publication in the edited volume. Household Archaeology on the Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publiclume: Sobel this volume). This is because documentary evidence indicates that throughout the Northwest Coast at the time of European contact, populations were divided into at least three main social groups (elites, commoners [of higher and lower status], and slaves), and that members of these groins Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public occupied different areas within the plankhouses. Social ranking extends millennia into the precontact period on the Northwest Coast (Ames and MaschneFort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public
r 1999; Matson and Coupland 1995). and spatial distribution analysis is widely expected to be the key to understanding the organization of labor in thFormation Processes of a Lower-Columbia Plankhouse SiteCameron McPherson Smith38462For publication in the edited volume. Household Archaeology on the Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publicproduction is a structuring variable of social organization.Portland State University’s Wapato Valley Archaeology Project (WVAP) has excavated the remains of a plankhouse (occupied from roughly 1400 AD to roughly 1830’s AD) at the Meier site (35CO5) located in the Lower Columbia River Valley nearPor Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publictland. Oregon (Figure 1 also identifies the nearby and contemporaneous Cathlapotle village site. 45CL1 [Ames et al 1999]). Based on multiple lines ofFort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public
evidence from this site, the WVAP hypothesizes that elites occupied the north end of the plankhouse. and that commoners of middle and lower status (anFormation Processes of a Lower-Columbia Plankhouse SiteCameron McPherson Smith38462For publication in the edited volume. Household Archaeology on the Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publicof production by examining the spatial distribution of artifacts and features related to production in the north, central, and south areas of the plankhouse.of course, as noted above, spatial distribution analysis cannot proceed before siteformation processes are understood. At Meier, where the plan Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publickhouse stood for about four centuries, site-formation processes were particularly complex. This is because there was no discrete ’occupation floor’, oFort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public
r even a series of floors, that collected artifacts over time. Rather, most artifacts were recovered from matrix composing large (often barrelsized) pFormation Processes of a Lower-Columbia Plankhouse SiteCameron McPherson Smith38462For publication in the edited volume. Household Archaeology on the Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public storage facilities known on the Northwest Coast, and perhaps among foragers worldwide. How artifacts were introduced to the pits, and were moved and/or transformed within them, and how artifacts were removed from them, are all critical points if we are to understand the social organization of produ Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publicction via the spatial distribution of production-related artifacts and features.hl short, the four-century' occupation of the Meier plankhousc generatFort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public
ed a complex palimpsest (Binford 1983), and palimpsests can be very' difficult to interpret (Binford 1987: 504-507; Carr 1984. 1987). The site-formatiFormation Processes of a Lower-Columbia Plankhouse SiteCameron McPherson Smith38462For publication in the edited volume. Household Archaeology on the Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publicformation processes generated and conditioned the Meier assemblage of material correlates that inform us of the social organization of production, the focus of my work in the Wapato Valley Archaeology Project (Smith 1996. 2004. 2005). The second goal is to identify (a) the scales, and (b) the direct Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publicions that production-related artifacts were noved by the identified formation processes. I address these goals byevaluating the likelihood that 15 speFort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public
cific site-formation processes conditioned the assemblage, and by identifying how and on what scales they moved artifacts. Throughout my examination oFormation Processes of a Lower-Columbia Plankhouse SiteCameron McPherson Smith38462For publication in the edited volume. Household Archaeology on the Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publicivities of the elite, commoners of higher status, and commoners of lower status. My third goal is to construct a model of the essential flow of artifacts through the Meier plankhouse, based on facts that are demonstrated in the site-formation process evaluation. Such a model will be of considerable Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publicuse in future analyses of Lower Columbia plankhouse remains, and may be of use in other archaeological contexts. 1 conclude the paper with a number ofFort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public
research implications derived from tills model.The Meier SiteBackgroundThe Meier Site (35CO5) is a southern Northwest Coast plankhousc site excavatedFormation Processes of a Lower-Columbia Plankhouse SiteCameron McPherson Smith38462For publication in the edited volume. Household Archaeology on the Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public-contact foragers of the Greater Lower Columbia River Region, collectively known as Chinookans (Ames et al. 1999: Silverstein 1990) (Figure I). The Meier excavations yielded a large and varied corpus of artifact and feature data representing a Chinookan plankhouse and an adjacent midden. Radiocarbon Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public dating established that the 30 m X 12 m domestic structure was occupied between roughly 1400 A.D. and 1830 A.D. (Ames Ct al. 1992).thereby straddlingFort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public
the most conservative European contact date of 1792 A.D. The site is on a slough with easy access to the Columbia River. Roughly 35% of the plankhousFormation Processes of a Lower-Columbia Plankhouse SiteCameron McPherson Smith38462For publication in the edited volume. Household Archaeology on the Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publicalf of the site had been extensively pothunted. Figure 2 indicates the layout of excavation units and features encountered.One goal of archaeological research at Meier is to understand the social organization of labor within the plankhouse. Consequently, excavations sampled the long axis of the plan Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publickhouse. Historically, the long axis of Chinookan domestic plankhouses served a proxemic function. signaling (to visitors) and reiterating (to residentFort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public
s) the social status of the residents. At the time of European contact, the typical Chinookan plankhouse housed members of two or all three social staFormation Processes of a Lower-Columbia Plankhouse SiteCameron McPherson Smith38462For publication in the edited volume. Household Archaeology on the Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publicically segregated from the commoners (and sometimes slaves) residing closer to the other end of the structure (Sobel 2004). EK? sampling the long axis of the Meier plankhouse, the living areas of elites, commoners (of higher and lower status), and perhaps slaves can sampled and compared.By the time Fort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Publicof the first occupation at Meier, social ranking was clearly embedded as an aboriginal institution of some millennia on the Northwest Coast, and it isFort_William_Strategic_Transport_Study_Pre_Appraisal_Final_Report_August_2018_Public
not unreasonable to project the historically-documented basic ranks of elite, commoner, and slave into the pre-contact period. Such a projection is rGọi ngay
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