seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final
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seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final
DRIVING W HILE BLACK AND BROWN IN \’ERMONT: CAN RACE DATA ANALYSISCONTRIBUTE TO REFORM?Stephanie Seguino* Professor Department of Economics University seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finaly of Vermont Btưlingtón, \T 05401 Stephanie .seguino@uvm. eduandNancy Brooks Visiting Associate Professor Dept, of City and Regional Planning Cornell University Ithaca, NY USA 14853 nb2“5@cornell.edu44075Forthcoming, Rif/eii úf Black Pblifical Ecomw)Key Words: Police bias, traffic stops, Vermont, ra seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finalcial disparities, lút rate test, police reform.AckwnMgfmffitr. We would like to thank Jianxiong Huang, Kyle Mitofsky, and Kathleen Manning for excelleseguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final
nt data support, and to Man McKinnon, Brock Gibian, Rayelle Washington, and Jennifer Nerby for then research assistance. We also thank Donald TomascovDRIVING W HILE BLACK AND BROWN IN \’ERMONT: CAN RACE DATA ANALYSISCONTRIBUTE TO REFORM?Stephanie Seguino* Professor Department of Economics University seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finalor Ingrid Jonas, for comments and input.’Corresponding author.DRIVING W HILE BLACK AND BROWN IN VERMONT: CAN RACE DATA ANALYSIS PROMOTE REFORM?AbstractMany states now recpũre law enforcement to collect race data on traffic stops, but there has been little research on the use of that data to inform p seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finalublic policy or reform efforts at the agency level. Tins paper addresses that lacuna by presenting results from the first statewide analysis of Vermonseguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final
t traffic stop data. Racial threat theory, a subset of stratification theory, would predict that policing in a predominantly white state like Vermont DRIVING W HILE BLACK AND BROWN IN \’ERMONT: CAN RACE DATA ANALYSISCONTRIBUTE TO REFORM?Stephanie Seguino* Professor Department of Economics University seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finals contradict that prediction. Vermont, despite its reputation as a liberal state, is not different from other states in exhibiting wide racial disparities 111 policing. And yet, analysis and dissemination of race data in policing, by providing an evidentiary basis for Citizen claims of racial bias, seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finalcontributed to action on the part of the state legislature and government to address racial discrimination not only in policing but also in the broadeseguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final
r criminal justice system. We report on those reform efforts and on the actions taken by three reform-minded law enforcement agencies to reduce and elDRIVING W HILE BLACK AND BROWN IN \’ERMONT: CAN RACE DATA ANALYSISCONTRIBUTE TO REFORM?Stephanie Seguino* Professor Department of Economics University seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finalctionVermont is perceived by many to lx a political outlier in the United States. If was die first state to outlaw slavery in 1 7. -Ind in more recent history, Vermont was one of the first states to legalize civil unions, to push (unsuccessfully) for a single payer health care system, and to nominat seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finale a transgender gubernatorial candidate. Because of its progressive reputation, Vermont has also been perceived as a state with considerably less raciseguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final
al bias towards Blacks and I lispanics than is evident in other parts of the country. This assumption is challenged, however, by the first statewide aDRIVING W HILE BLACK AND BROWN IN \’ERMONT: CAN RACE DATA ANALYSISCONTRIBUTE TO REFORM?Stephanie Seguino* Professor Department of Economics University seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finalates.Because traffic policing is one of the most common circumstances under wltich members of the public interact with police officers, the data generated from stops yield a large database that can provide a window into racial disparities in the broader criminal justice system on which data may not seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finalexist or be harder to collect. Traffic data then can serve as a “canary in the coal mine,” alerting agencies and rhe public to differential racial treseguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final
atment in policing that spills over into other components of the criminal justice system.In Vermont, data analysis has proven Io be a fulcrum lor refoDRIVING W HILE BLACK AND BROWN IN \’ERMONT: CAN RACE DATA ANALYSISCONTRIBUTE TO REFORM?Stephanie Seguino* Professor Department of Economics University seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finalhe efficacy ol data collection and analysis lor incentivizing reform efforts by providing evidence. Illis paper details I lie- liackground leading Io I he statewide law requiring that all law enforcement agencies collect race data, the results of a statewide data analysis of traffic stops, and the s seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finalubsequent reform efforts at the level of die legislature and government as well as2by law enforcement agencies themselves. We also reflect on the resiseguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final
stance of some law enforcement agencies and die problem of the lack of robust structures of accountability for law enforcement.II. LITERATURE REVIEWPoDRIVING W HILE BLACK AND BROWN IN \’ERMONT: CAN RACE DATA ANALYSISCONTRIBUTE TO REFORM?Stephanie Seguino* Professor Department of Economics University seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final social control used by law enforcement to maintain a racially hierarchical social order since the time of chattel slavery (Blumer 1958; Blalock 1968; Stucky 2011). With regard to traffic stops, as early as the 1930s, the NAACP began receiving complaints from Black drivers about distressing traffic seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finalstops for minor or false charges (Seo 2019). During the War on Drugs that began in the 1980s, traffic policing took on a new and unportant role in racseguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final
ializing policing. Tile ’drug courier” profile, created by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), outlined what were perceived to be common characteristicDRIVING W HILE BLACK AND BROWN IN \’ERMONT: CAN RACE DATA ANALYSISCONTRIBUTE TO REFORM?Stephanie Seguino* Professor Department of Economics University seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finalps—stops based on minor violations of die letter of the law as a pretext for stopping a motorist an officer may want to investigate for other reasons—were legitimized 111 W'brtH f. UniĩtdSĩattí. The DEA subsequently provided training to police officers in using pretextual stops in traffic policing ( seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finalHinton 2016). Claims of racial profiling led to lawsuits, however, causing a number of states to take action to address these inequities (Myers 2002).seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final
North Carolina was one of the first states to mandate race data collection in traffic stops with a goal of robusdy answering the question of whether dDRIVING W HILE BLACK AND BROWN IN \’ERMONT: CAN RACE DATA ANALYSISCONTRIBUTE TO REFORM?Stephanie Seguino* Professor Department of Economics University seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finale and traffic policing are now available at the state and local level.'' In the first US study of its kind, Pierson tỉ al (2020) undertook the task of analyzing multi-state data, based on 95 million traffic stops by 21 state patrol and 35 municipal agencies. The authors find that Black and Hispanic seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finaldrivers are stopped and searched at higher rates than white drivers, a result that is consistent with that reported in public policy analyses and in nseguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final
umerous academic articles using city and state data/Agencies differ in racial disparities in policing, however, and a key question to be answered IS wDRIVING W HILE BLACK AND BROWN IN \’ERMONT: CAN RACE DATA ANALYSISCONTRIBUTE TO REFORM?Stephanie Seguino* Professor Department of Economics University seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finales are linked to the racial composition of Law enforcement agencies. They found tliat troopers, regardless of race, engage in fewer vehicle searches when assigned to barracks With a larger share of Black and Hispanic troopers, and tins contributes to more efficient searches (lughcr and more racially seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final similar lut rates). Anwar and Fang’s (2006) analysis of the same data set show that white troopers have higher Black-white and Hispaiuc-wlute searchseguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final
rate disparities than troopers of color. The racial composition of Law enforcement agencies is thus a factor in influencing the culture and climate ofDRIVING W HILE BLACK AND BROWN IN \’ERMONT: CAN RACE DATA ANALYSISCONTRIBUTE TO REFORM?Stephanie Seguino* Professor Department of Economics University seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finaltheory) argues that poEcing acts as social control to maintain die disparate power and privileged position of the dominant racial group (in this case, people who identify as white). It is hypothesized that “threat’’ (and therefore policing disparities) Will intensify, the larger the share of Blacks seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finaland Latins relative to whites. Tins leads to the inference that the lugher the share of Black and Latins in the population, the wider the racial dispaseguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final
rities in policing. Following the logic of racial threat theory, when people of color1 Concerns about racial bias in traffic stops hare failed to moveDRIVING W HILE BLACK AND BROWN IN \’ERMONT: CAN RACE DATA ANALYSISCONTRIBUTE TO REFORM?Stephanie Seguino* Professor Department of Economics University seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finalgure 4 for examples of search disparity results from some of the studies conducted on traffic policing at the state or municipal level4are a small minority of the population (such as in Vermont), the perception of threat is likely to be lower and thus we would expect to see fewer racial disparities seguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_finalin policing. T1ŨS hypothesis had been difficult to test until now because so few of the predominantly white states in the US reqture the collection ofseguino_and_brooks__revised_rbpe_final
traffic stop data.The growing availability of traffic stop data around the country showing racial disparities has not been a panacea for policing refGọi ngay
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