SUMMAR~2.DOC
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: SUMMAR~2.DOC
SUMMAR~2.DOC
https: //k hot h u vien .comSTATUS REPORT ON THE KEY CLIMATE VARIABLESTECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT TO THE SECOND REPORT ON THE ADEQUACY OF THE GLOBAL OBSERVIN SUMMAR~2.DOCNG SYSTEMS FOR CLIMATE (GCOS-82)DRAFT*VERSION 2.7, 10 SEPTEMBER 2003‘ This draft copy of the Technical Supplement Is being made available via die GCOS Web site to ensure timely accessibility to its contents Any comments or suggestions on the document are welcome and can be sent directly to the GCOS SUMMAR~2.DOCSecretariat (gcosjpo@gateway.wmo ch).Status Report on the Key Climate Variables Technical Supplement to the Second Report on the Adequacy of the GlobaSUMMAR~2.DOC
l Observing Systems for ClimateDraft, updated Sept 2003SUMMARYThe Second Report1 on the Adequacy of the Global Observing Systems for Climate was prepahttps: //k hot h u vien .comSTATUS REPORT ON THE KEY CLIMATE VARIABLESTECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT TO THE SECOND REPORT ON THE ADEQUACY OF THE GLOBAL OBSERVIN SUMMAR~2.DOCals of the Report were to:•Determine what progress has been made in implementing climate observing networks and systems since the First Adequacy Report in 1998:•Determine the degree to which these systems meet with scientific requirements and conform with associated observing principles; and•Assess SUMMAR~2.DOChow well these current systems, together with new and emerging methods of observation, will meet the needs of the ConventionThe Report concludes thatSUMMAR~2.DOC
there have been improvements in implementing global observing systems for climate, especially in the use of satellite information and provision of somhttps: //k hot h u vien .comSTATUS REPORT ON THE KEY CLIMATE VARIABLESTECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT TO THE SECOND REPORT ON THE ADEQUACY OF THE GLOBAL OBSERVIN SUMMAR~2.DOCUNFCCC in that.•Atmospheric networks are not operating with the required global coverage and quality.•Ocean networks lack coverage and commitment to sustained operation: and•Global terrestrial networks remain to be fully implemented.The key atmospheric variables required are surface air temperature SUMMAR~2.DOC(daily maximum and minimum), precipitation (type, frequency, intensity, amount), pressure, wind, humidity and surface radiation. The surface observingSUMMAR~2.DOC
networks of the World Weather Watch (WWW) Global Observing System (GOS) provide the basis for a comprehensive network for all of these variables excehttps: //k hot h u vien .comSTATUS REPORT ON THE KEY CLIMATE VARIABLESTECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT TO THE SECOND REPORT ON THE ADEQUACY OF THE GLOBAL OBSERVIN SUMMAR~2.DOCcessary to ensure that we can understand and predict climate on all scales. The specific variables of interest are upper-air temperature, wind, humidity, clouds and the earth radiation budget. The radiosonde network of the WWW/GOS provides the basis of a comprehensive network for these variablesThe SUMMAR~2.DOCmonitoring of the forcing of climate involves variables from natural sources including solar irradiance and volcanic aerosols It also includes those aSUMMAR~2.DOC
nthropogenically-influenced atmospheric components of aerosols and the greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide, methane, ozone and other long-lived https: //k hot h u vien .comSTATUS REPORT ON THE KEY CLIMATE VARIABLESTECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT TO THE SECOND REPORT ON THE ADEQUACY OF THE GLOBAL OBSERVIN SUMMAR~2.DOC-reactive greenhouse gases, currently the network IS being enhanced to determine the global distribution of these non-reactive greenhouse gases and to include the monitoring of certain short-lived greenhouse gases and aerosols.The key variables required to characterize the state of the climate and i SUMMAR~2.DOCts variability at the oceansurface are sea-surface temperature (SST). salinity, atmospheric pressure, winds, sea level, sea state, sea ice, ocean currSUMMAR~2.DOC
ents, and ocean colour (for biological productivity), as well as the air/sea exchange of water (precipitation, evaporation), momentum (wind stress), hhttps: //k hot h u vien .comSTATUS REPORT ON THE KEY CLIMATE VARIABLESTECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT TO THE SECOND REPORT ON THE ADEQUACY OF THE GLOBAL OBSERVIN SUMMAR~2.DOCables required to characterize the three-dimensional state of the oceans and their variability are temperature, salinity, ocean circulation, ocean tracers, carbon, nutrients, and key ecosystem variables such as phytoplankton. Ocean dynamic height, which Is a derived quantity, and sea level anomaly, SUMMAR~2.DOCwhich can be observed directly, are also important measures of the state of the sub-surface ocean circulation.Over 80 terrestrial variables have beenSUMMAR~2.DOC
identified as needing to be observed to fully characterize the climate system. At present, technical, economic and logistical constraints make measurehttps: //k hot h u vien .comSTATUS REPORT ON THE KEY CLIMATE VARIABLESTECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT TO THE SECOND REPORT ON THE ADEQUACY OF THE GLOBAL OBSERVIN SUMMAR~2.DOCrt on the Key Climate Variables’Draft, updated Sept 2003Technical Supplement to the Second Report on the Adequacy of the Global Observing Systems for Climatethese variables in baseline or comprehensive global networks impossible. Though the terresưial networks are the least integrated component of t SUMMAR~2.DOChe global climate observing system, progress is being made. Of the 80+ variables required, river discharge, water use. ground water, lake levels, snowSUMMAR~2.DOC
cover. glaciers and ice caps, permafrost and seasonally frozen ground, albedo, land cover. Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (Fhttps: //k hot h u vien .comSTATUS REPORT ON THE KEY CLIMATE VARIABLESTECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT TO THE SECOND REPORT ON THE ADEQUACY OF THE GLOBAL OBSERVIN SUMMAR~2.DOCtechnology to make adequate measurements is by-and-large proven, and an infrastructure exists that could provide the measurements operationally.Satellites now provide the single most important means of obtaining observations of the climate system from a near-global perspective and comparing the beha SUMMAR~2.DOCviour of different parts of the globe. A global climate record for the future critically depends upon a major satellite component, but for satellite dSUMMAR~2.DOC
ata to conưibute fully and effectively to the determination of long-term records the system must be implemented and operated in an appropriate manner https: //k hot h u vien .comSTATUS REPORT ON THE KEY CLIMATE VARIABLESTECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT TO THE SECOND REPORT ON THE ADEQUACY OF THE GLOBAL OBSERVIN SUMMAR~2.DOCvation for the Essential Climate Variables, as defined in the Second Adequacy Report and listed below, as well as some additional key variables. The report outlines the current state of observation for each variable, data management issues and analysis products, and identifies specific issues and pr SUMMAR~2.DOCiorities for action.DomainEssential Climate VariablesAtmospheric (over land, sea and ice)SurfaceAir temperature, precipitation, air pressure, surfaceSUMMAR~2.DOC
radiation budget, wind speed and direction, water vapour. Upper-airEarth radiation budget (including solar irradiance), upper air temperature (includihttps: //k hot h u vien .comSTATUS REPORT ON THE KEY CLIMATE VARIABLESTECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT TO THE SECOND REPORT ON THE ADEQUACY OF THE GLOBAL OBSERVIN SUMMAR~2.DOCases, aerosol properties.OceanicSurfaceSea-surface temperature, sea surface salinity, sea level, sea state, sea ice. current, ocean colour (for biological activity), carbon dioxide partial pressure. Sub-surface Temperature, salinity, current, nutrients, carbon, ocean tracers, phytoplankton.Terrestri SUMMAR~2.DOCalRiver discharge, water use. ground water, lake levels, snow cover, glaciers and ice caps, permafrost and seasonally-frozen ground, albedo, land coveSUMMAR~2.DOC
r (including vegetation type), fraction of absorbed photo-synthetically active radiation (FAPAR), leaf area index (LAI), biomass, fire disturbance.3Sthttps: //k hot h u vien .comSTATUS REPORT ON THE KEY CLIMATE VARIABLESTECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT TO THE SECOND REPORT ON THE ADEQUACY OF THE GLOBAL OBSERVIN SUMMAR~2.DOCupdated Sept 2003https: //k hot h u vien .comSTATUS REPORT ON THE KEY CLIMATE VARIABLESTECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT TO THE SECOND REPORT ON THE ADEQUACY OF THE GLOBAL OBSERVINGọi ngay
Chat zalo
Facebook