The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education
The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education
The Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationversity of Maryland College Park. MD 20742-7211 USASenior Research Fellow. Center for American Political Science and Law, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, China euslaner@urnd.eduBo Rothstein (corresponding author) The Quality of Government Institute Department of Politic The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educational Science University of Gothenburg Box 711.405 30 Gothenburg SWEDEN bo.rothstein@pol.gu.seVersion 16 Dec.. 2013This is our second co-authored paper aThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education
nd in this paper we have reversed the order of authorship. Our contributions are equal. We would like to thank Sofia Jansson for excellent assistance The Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationhank Christian Bjomskov, Michelle D’Arcy, Ase Berit Grodeland, Robert Klitgaard, Alex Lascaux, Fabrice Murtin, Katarina Ott, and Aleksandar Stulhofer for helpful comments.AbstractWe show a link between levels of mass education in 1870 and corruption levels in 2010 for 78 countries that remains stron The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationg when controlling for change in the level of education, GDP/ capita, and democratic governance. A theoretical model for the existence of a causal mecThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education
hanism between universal education and control of corruption is presented. Early introduction of universal education is linked to levels of economic eThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationmore opportunities and power for opposing corruption. Secondly, the need for increased state capacity was a strong motivation for the introduction of universal education in many countries. In addition to the statistical analyses, historical evidence show that strong states provided more education to The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education their publics and that such states were more common where economic disparities were initially smaller.2The problem anil the argumentsFrom largely beiThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education
ng ignored, corruption has become central in the social sciences. A large amount of empirical studies show that corruption is a serious social ill, suThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education08; Holmberg and Rothstein 2012). Anti-corruption policies have so lar produced a very meager result (Mungiu-Pippidi 2012). Tinkering with institutional design or economic incentives has not solved the problem. Systemic corruption is deeply rooted in the underlying social and historic al political s The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationtructure (Diamond 2007; Persson et al 2012).We show that contemporary levels of corruption for 78 countries are strongly linked to their public policiThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education
es that were (or were not) enacted more than 140 years ago. The mean years of schooling for these countries in the 1870s correlates strongly with contThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationsal education and today’s levels of corruption. Our argument follows several recent studies about “long-term effects” showing how the institutions, policies, and resource endowments of the past shape outcomes many decades or even centuries later (Dell 2010; Nunn 2008; Nunn 2009. Nunn and Wantchckon The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education2011; Comin et al 2010; Guiso el al, 2008; Voigllander and Vbth 2011).Reforms for establishing universal education seem to be a key to clean governmenThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education
t. We find that the historical roots of education levels are early strong slate capac ity and economic equality. In turn, countries with more educatedThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationof education strengthened the very forces (strong states and equality) that led to the policies that promoted honest government. A more equal distribution of income creates3greater demand for education—and universal education in turn leads to more equality, less corruption, and increased state capac The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationity (Rothstein and Uslaner, 2005). But not just any institutions matter. Strong states do not necessarily promote equality. Authoritarian regimes explThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education
oit their publics—as do highly unequal democracies. So it is not simply institutional structures such as democracy that are the key to both education The Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationls of education matter for contemporary corruption? We argue, first, that there is a strong connection between education and corruption. And second, the underlying conditions of state capacity and levels of equality persist over time.Theory: Why education, economic inequality and state-building?Why The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationis education critical for curbing corruption? Our theoretical model specifies five causal links connecting universally provided education with lower lThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education
evels of comiption. First, the introduction of universal education was a central part of state-building. The educational reforms were intended to leadThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationonationals working in the wheat fields thousands of miles away...ties of loyalty to strangers who do not share one’s attributes or milieu...” (Darden, 2013). As one astute analysis of France puts it, mass public education made “(p]easants into Frenchmen” (Weber 1976). Education made subjects into ci The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationtizens, thereby increasing the demands and expectations about honesty in government from the people.The strengthening of the attachment to the nationThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education
Slate created support for the Slate as an actor that could produce "public goods” instead of just supporting the interest of the small4economic and poThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education access” order based on impersonal rule. The introduction of broad based free education is likely to establish the idea that the state need nor only be an instalment of favoritism, extraction, and oppression but that it can also be an instrument for at least some degree of social justice..Second, wi The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationdespread education leads to greater equality. Equality is a causal faơor behind lower levels of corruption. High levels of inequality enable the eliteThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education
to undermine the legal and political institutions and use them for their own benefit. If inequality is high, the economic elite is likely to pursue sThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationtion provided more people with the skills to find good-paying jobs without having to rely on traditional feudal, corrupt, or clientelistic structures of power (Uslaner, 2008, 239-241). Over time the educational inequalities between the rich and the poor in countries that established universal educat The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationion were sharply reduced, though not eliminated (Morrison and Murtin, 2010). In the highly stratified societies of the 19th centuiy, the introductionThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education
of universal or (near universal) education led to a substantial increase in the degree of equality in human capital (Rothstein and Uslaner, 2005).ThirThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education tntsted” (Uslaner, 2002, chs. 4, 8; Yamagishi 2001). Without trust in that most other agents are willing to stop demanding or paying bribes or in other ways subvert public institutions, most agents in a corrupt setting see no point in changing their behavior. Where we only have faith in people like The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education ourselves (in-groups), such as in Southern Italy, corruption flourishes (Gambetta, 1993; Uslaner, 2008, ch. 3).5Fourth, more widespread education wasThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education
very important for increasing gender equality. Recent studies have shown and also produced theoretical underpinnings for why gender equality causes lThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education for curbing corruption (Adsera, Boix, and Payne, 2000). The effectiveness of a vigilant press for curbing corruption depends on widespread literacy. If most people cannot read, there will be fewer newspapers sold and the popular knowledge about corruption and the demand for accountability and “clea The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Educationn government" will be lower. Others, however, have contested this relationship (Rose-Ackerman, 1999, 167; Uslaner, 2008, 37, 67). However, Botero, PonThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education
tero, and Shleifer (2012) argue that more highly educated people are more likely to protest against corruption, even in non-democratic states.In the WGọi ngay
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