Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings
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Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings
Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation:A Synopsis of Major FindingsBedrijfseconomisdie Verhdiideling35490Koenraad DebackereDepartment o Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingsof Applied Economics. K u Leuven Naamsestraat 69 B-3000 Leuven2Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation: A Synopsis of Major FindingsKoenraad Debackere, Department of Applied Economics, K.U.LeuvenQr AbrtrattIn (his review paper, major findings on 'best practices'in technology and innova Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingstion management are summarised and discussed. These ‘best practices’are situated at the strategic level as well as at the operational level In the orgTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings
anisation. They highlight the strategic (portfolio-level) and operational (project-level) determinants of innovation performance The economic origins Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation:A Synopsis of Major FindingsBedrijfseconomisdie Verhdiideling35490Koenraad DebackereDepartment o Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings come to look to technological innovation to rescue US from the consequences of exhausting natural resources: to abate inflation through productivity increases: to eliminate famine: to cure cancer; and to maintain the competitive position of our nations’ industrial bases. Indeed, technological chang Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingse has become a major driver of competition: it propels new firms to the forefront of the competitive arena while it destroys the competitive advantageTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings
of even well-entrenched firms. Achievements such as electronic computers, test tube babies, supersonic aircraft, and manned space flights have bolsteTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation:A Synopsis of Major FindingsBedrijfseconomisdie Verhdiideling35490Koenraad DebackereDepartment o Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingst the rapid technological progress we have witnessed during the last decades will come to an end soon. Today, researchers around the globe are working intently on developing ideas that may create new branches of technological practice and could ultimately transform industry in ways which are hard fo Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingsr most of US to imagine. As a consequence, the ability of managers and policy makers to comprehend the pace and the direction of technological advanceTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings
ment will largely determine a firm’s or nation’s competitive performance in world markets into the next century. This Is no small task, however. HistoTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation:A Synopsis of Major FindingsBedrijfseconomisdie Verhdiideling35490Koenraad DebackereDepartment o Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingsders (Rosenbloom and Cusumano, 1987), and personal computers (Smith and Alexander. 1988). show the immense difficulties some firms encounter when confronted by new technologies. The inertia, introduced by a firm’s existing technological base, often is a powerful barrier to internalise new technologi Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingscal trajectories (Utterback. 1994). Hence, there is an obvious need to harness the process of technological innovation effectively. To do this, technoTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings
logical innovations cannot be isolated from the complex economic, social and political systems within which they operate.3As a consequence, an extensiTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation:A Synopsis of Major FindingsBedrijfseconomisdie Verhdiideling35490Koenraad DebackereDepartment o Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingsvity which needs careful •managerial' attention and actions. But, before there can be effective management, there must be a detailed understanding of the process of innovation, its characteristics and its specific problems.Therefore, the first part of (his paper will focus on the major characteristi Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingscs of the innovation process as they have emerged over the last three decades. The models to be discussed are chosen for the complementary insights thTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings
ey offer into the complex nature of the innovation process. We start with the theories on technical change developed by Schumpeter. Although the studyTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation:A Synopsis of Major FindingsBedrijfseconomisdie Verhdiideling35490Koenraad DebackereDepartment o Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings (1934), Business Cycles (1939), and Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942), portrayed most fully the active role played by economic agents in technical advance. From these studies, technological innovation emerges as a non-linear, dynamic, interactive and complex process.In addition, models of Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingsthe innovation process were developed to support managerial aơions. Whereas the theories by Schumpeter attempt to gain a fundamental insight into theTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings
nature and the causes of technological evolution, the three models discussed subsequently focus on the innovation process within the firm. The first mTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation:A Synopsis of Major FindingsBedrijfseconomisdie Verhdiideling35490Koenraad DebackereDepartment o Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings activities within the firm, ideas have to be generated. Once generated, these ideas have to be turned into good currency. And, finally, appropriate organisational structures have to be implemented to manage the transition from what first seems to be an abstract ‘idea’ into a ‘product’ desired by cu Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingsstomers. As a consequence, an important focus of this model is on managing people and their Innovative ideas.The second model explicitly makes the linTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings
k between technological innovation on the one hand and organisational strategy and structure on the other hand. The Abernathy-Utterback model (1975 & Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation:A Synopsis of Major FindingsBedrijfseconomisdie Verhdiideling35490Koenraad DebackereDepartment o Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingsre important, how competitive strategy, production facilities, and organisation structure ‘co-adapf during this evolution.Finally, the technological S-curve model (Roussel. 1984: Foster. 1986) enables managers to better estimate the strategic importance of the different technologies In a firm’s tech Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingsnology portfolio. To this end. the S-curve model is used to develop a technological typology. A distinction is made between emerging, pacing, key, andTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings
base technologies. The competitive implications of this typology are highlighted. A link is made with Wheelwright and Clark’s definitions of breakthrTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation:A Synopsis of Major FindingsBedrijfseconomisdie Verhdiideling35490Koenraad DebackereDepartment o Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingsttention to Che management of technological innovation. This will be the theme of Jhe second pari of this paper. From the previous discussions, we know that 'managing'the innovative capabilities of the organisation involves different levels of attention: (1) attention to the relationship between tec Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingshnology and strategy; (2) attention Io an appropriate organisation structure in which innovative ac tivity can flourish; and (3) attention to the manaTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings
gement of innovative professionals. Il is hence necessary co discuss the management implications associated with each level of attention. Ihe integratTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation:A Synopsis of Major FindingsBedrijfseconomisdie Verhdiideling35490Koenraad DebackereDepartment o Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingsl and his colleagues in their influential book third Generation Rfitl) (1991).Finally, the third part of the paper brings together the major issues raised in the previous sec tions and ends with a 'checklist’ of focal activities that are to be considered when managing a firm’s innovation efforts.Bef Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingsore embarking upon a detailed discussion of these topics, though, there is an obvious need to clarify two major concepts used throughout this paper, iTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings
.e. what is meant by 'technology’ and how-do we define 'technological innovation*?1.1. Technology: what’s in a name?Throughout the decades of researchTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation:A Synopsis of Major FindingsBedrijfseconomisdie Verhdiideling35490Koenraad DebackereDepartment o Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings to the Oxford Dictionary, technology is "the science of industrial arts.” This definition, despite its brevity, combines two concepts that are essential to fully grasp the meaning of ‘technology’: science and arts. Of course, we do not imply that technology is the same as science, not even that it Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingsalways has to be based on .scientific principles or developments. Indeed, examples exist where the technology was in place before the underlying scienTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings
tific principles were known or clarified. One of the most notable examples undoubtedly is the steam-engine. Il was developed Itefore the science of thTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation:A Synopsis of Major FindingsBedrijfseconomisdie Verhdiideling35490Koenraad DebackereDepartment o Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingso technological ac tivities is knowledge about why things work the way they do. This is the know-how versus the know-why question. This knowledge can lie derived from scientific developments, but also, from previous technological experience.The Oxford definition also points to the fact that technolo Topics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findingsgy has to do with arts. The products of human art are artefacts. Artefac ts are tangible produc ts and processes created by human skill. Thus, contrarTopics in the Management of Technology and Innovation A Synopsis of Major Findings
y to scientific activity, the major output of technological activity is embodied in hardware,https://khothuvien.cori!5i.e. products and processes. TecGọi ngay
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