Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups
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Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups
Why Don’t 'the Poor’ Make Common Cause? The Importance of SubgroupsAnirudh KrishnaAssociate Professor of Public Policy and Political Science Duke Univ Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroupsversity Box 90245 Durham, NC 27708-0245 (919) 613-7337 (919) 681-8288 (fax) ak30@duke.eduAbstractAnalyses that regard 'the poor' as a sociological category need to take account of recent studies quantifying the extent of flux within these ranks. Frequent movements into and out of poverty regularly r Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroupsefresh the pool of the poor. Large numbers of poor people were not born poor: they have descended into poverty, some quite recently. Concurrently, manWhy Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups
y formerly poor people have escaped from poverty. Distinct subgroups are defined by these divergent trajectories. Members of different subgroups have Why Don’t 'the Poor’ Make Common Cause? The Importance of SubgroupsAnirudh KrishnaAssociate Professor of Public Policy and Political Science Duke Univ Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups among all of 'the poor'. Policies to assist poor people will be more effective, and political analysis will yield more fruitful results, if instead of working with any generic1category of ‘the poor' heed is taken of subgroup-specific experiences and demands.21. Introduction: Why Not a Party or a Po Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroupslitics of the Poor?Where the poor constitute a majority or near-majority of the population, why don't they vote themselves to power in democracies? InWhy Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups
countries such as Madagascar, Mozambique, Mali, Guatemala, Honduras, Kenya and Bangladesh, where the poor constitute, respectively, 71 percent, 70 peWhy Don’t 'the Poor’ Make Common Cause? The Importance of SubgroupsAnirudh KrishnaAssociate Professor of Public Policy and Political Science Duke Univ Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroupscally? Even in countries such as India, Philippines, and Ecuador, where the poor form a smaller but still sizeable part of the population - 29 percent, 37 percent and 35 percent, respectively - why are the politics of poverty not more emphatic, potent and visible?1Lower political participation by po Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroupsorer people can provide a possible explanation. Likened by Marx to sacks of potatoes, the rural poor have not been considered particularly active poliWhy Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups
tically (Bates, 1981). Empirical studies have repeatedly affirmed lower participation rates among the poor (for example, Verba, Nie and Kim, 1978; RosWhy Don’t 'the Poor’ Make Common Cause? The Importance of SubgroupsAnirudh KrishnaAssociate Professor of Public Policy and Political Science Duke Univ Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups poor (Lewis, 1963).Yet, these explanations are hardly sufficient to justify why large majorities of people, more than two-thirds of the population in some cases, are unwilling or unable to act collectively. Participation rates3may be lower among poorer people, but the sheer weight of numbers can ha Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroupsndily compensate for this difference, reported to be no more than a few percentage points. Recent evidence also shows that participation rates are notWhy Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups
uniformly low among all of the poor. In many cases poorer people participate as actively as others (Yadav, 1999; Bratton and Mattes, 2001; Mattes, etWhy Don’t 'the Poor’ Make Common Cause? The Importance of SubgroupsAnirudh KrishnaAssociate Professor of Public Policy and Political Science Duke Univ Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroupslow.In contexts where they are quite numerous - which includes vast swathes of South and Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and segments of Central and South America, or nearly one-half of all countries in the world - the rural poor should present to political entrepreneurs a natural constituency f Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroupsor effective organisation. As inequality is rising in many countries (Wade, 2004; World Bank, 2006), and as older forms of social organisation and theWhy Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups
ir associated norms and customs are eroding (Griffin, 2000; UNDP, 2000), the organisational potential of the rural poor should be growing, rendering tWhy Don’t 'the Poor’ Make Common Cause? The Importance of SubgroupsAnirudh KrishnaAssociate Professor of Public Policy and Political Science Duke Univ Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroupsmarkets and state bureaucracies (Popkin, 1979), movements of the rural poor should therefore be on the rise.So why are efforts to organise the poor so infrequent, scattered, and localized? Divisions among the poor on account of caste.4ethnicity, and religion have been advanced as a possible explanat Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroupsion for lack of organisation (for example, by Burnell, 1995; Alesina, et al., 1999; Bates, 1999; Good, 1999; Keefer and Khemani, 2003; and Varshney, 2Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups
005), but while answering one question these explanations evade a more fundamental one: Why are caste or ethnicity so much more commonly the currency Why Don’t 'the Poor’ Make Common Cause? The Importance of SubgroupsAnirudh KrishnaAssociate Professor of Public Policy and Political Science Duke Univ Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroupsit cleavages drawn along ascriptive lines and less often assemble broad-based coalitions of the poor?In this paper, I present an additional explanation, supplementing the ones provided earlier. 'The poor’ does not constitute a valid category for analysis or action: it is no more than an article of s Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroupspeech, I will contend.Recent studies show that significant differences in identities and material interests exist across distinct subgroups of poor peWhy Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups
ople. There are those who have fallen into poverty recently, others who are on the verge of escaping from poverty, and still others who have remained Why Don’t 'the Poor’ Make Common Cause? The Importance of SubgroupsAnirudh KrishnaAssociate Professor of Public Policy and Political Science Duke Univ Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroupsand in many contexts, the majority, of those who are poor at the present time were not poor some years ago. Conversely, large numbers of formerly poor people have escaped from poverty, and5others, still poor but upwardly mobile, are making their ways out from this statistical pool.Different reasons Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroupsare associated, respectively, with escaping poverty and falling into poverty (Section 3). As a result, different needs are experienced and different dWhy Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups
emands are expressed by members of different subgroups. Those who have recently fallen into poverty are most directly encumbered by one set of reasonsWhy Don’t 'the Poor’ Make Common Cause? The Importance of SubgroupsAnirudh KrishnaAssociate Professor of Public Policy and Political Science Duke Univ Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups a different set of needs and opportunities. The persistently poor constitute yet another subgroup. Neither recently fallen into poverty, nor experiencing any significant upward mobility, members of this subgroup face a different opportunity set; they tend to make a different set of demands upon the Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups state.Different experiences, different identities and different material interests tend to make collective action uncertain among all subgroups of thWhy Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups
e poor. Evidence collected in 36 villages of Andhra Pradesh, India provides some initial support for this proposition, showing how members of differenWhy Don’t 'the Poor’ Make Common Cause? The Importance of SubgroupsAnirudh KrishnaAssociate Professor of Public Policy and Political Science Duke Univ Why Don’t ‘the Poor’ Make Common Cause The Importance of Subgroups subgroups provides a better starting point for policy design, political analysis, and coalition building.6Why Don’t 'the Poor’ Make Common Cause? The Importance of SubgroupsAnirudh KrishnaAssociate Professor of Public Policy and Political Science Duke UnivGọi ngay
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