Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2
Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2
Effector Mechanisms of Humoral ImmunityElimination of Extracellular Microbes and ToxinsPROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES THAT DETERMINE EFFECTOR FUNCTION 152NE Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2EUTRALIZATION OF MICROBES ANDMICROBIAL TOXINS 154OPSONIZATION AND PHAGOCYTOSIS 157ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELLULAR CYTOTOXICITY 157IMMUNOGLOBULIN E AND EOSINOPHIUMASTCELL-MEDIATED REACTIONS 157THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM 158Pathways ot Complement Activation 156I unctions of the Complement System 161Hog Jlat cn Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2 of Complement Activation 163FUNCTIONS OF ANTIBODIES AT SPECIALANATOMIC SITES 164Mucosal Immunity 166Neonatal Immunity 166EVASION OF HUMORAL IMMUNITYEbook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2
BY MICROBES 167VACCINATION 168SUMMARY 169Hu moral immunity is the type of host defense mediated by secreted antibodies and necessary for protection agEffector Mechanisms of Humoral ImmunityElimination of Extracellular Microbes and ToxinsPROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES THAT DETERMINE EFFECTOR FUNCTION 152NE Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2odies also bind to microbial toxins and prevent them from damaging host cells. In addition, antibodies function to eliminate microbes, toxins, and infected cells from the body. Although antibodies are a major mechanism of adaptive immunity against extracellular microbes, they cannot reach microbes t Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2hat live inside cells. However, humoral immunity is vital even for defense against microbes that live and divide inside cells, such as viruses, becausEbook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2
e antibodies can bind to these microbes before they enter host cells or during passage from infected to uninfected cells, thus preventing spread of inEffector Mechanisms of Humoral ImmunityElimination of Extracellular Microbes and ToxinsPROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES THAT DETERMINE EFFECTOR FUNCTION 152NE Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2ctive vaccines work by stimulating the production of antibodies.This chapter describes how antibodies provide defense against infections, addressing the following questions:•What are the mechanisms used by secreted antibodies to combat different types of infectious agents and their toxins?•What is t Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2he role of the complement system in defense against microbes?•How do antibodies combat microbes that enter through the gastrointestinal and respiratorEbook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2
y-tracts?•How do antibodies protect the fetus and newborn from infections?151https://khothuvien .com152Chapter 8 - Effector Mechanisms of Humoral ImmuEffector Mechanisms of Humoral ImmunityElimination of Extracellular Microbes and ToxinsPROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES THAT DETERMINE EFFECTOR FUNCTION 152NE Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2for these functions.PROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES THAT DETERMINE EFFECTOR FUNCTIONSeveral features of the production and structure of antibodies contribute in important ways to the functions of these molecules in host defense.Antibodies function throughout the body and in the lumens of mucosal organs. An Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2tibodies arc produced after stimulation of B lymphocytes by antigens in peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal lymphoid tissues) andEbook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2
at tissue sites of inflammation. Many of the antigen-stimulated B lymphocytes differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells, some of which remaiEffector Mechanisms of Humoral ImmunityElimination of Extracellular Microbes and ToxinsPROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES THAT DETERMINE EFFECTOR FUNCTION 152NE Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2erent heavychain isolypcs (classes). These secreted antibodies enter the blood, from where they may reach any peripheral site of infection, and enter mucosal secretions, where they prevent infections by microbes that try to enter through the epithelia. Thus, antibodies arc able to perform their func Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2tions throughout the body.Protective antibodies are produced during the first (primary) response Io a microbe and in larger amounts during subsequentEbook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2
(secondary) responses (sec Chapter 7, big. 7-3). Antibody production begins within the first week after infection or vaccination. The plasma cells thaEffector Mechanisms of Humoral ImmunityElimination of Extracellular Microbes and ToxinsPROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES THAT DETERMINE EFFECTOR FUNCTION 152NE Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2ted antibodies provide immediate protection. Some of the antigen-stimulated B lymphocytes differentiate into memory cells, which do not secrete antibodies but are ready to respond if the antigen appears again. On encounter with the microbe, these memory cells rapidly differentiate into antibodyprodu Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2cing cells, providing a large burst of antibody for more effective defense against the infection. A goal of vaccination IS to stimulate the developmenEbook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2
t of long-lived plasma cells and memory cells.Antibodies use their antigen-binding (Fab) regions to bind to and block the harmful effects of microbes Effector Mechanisms of Humoral ImmunityElimination of Extracellular Microbes and ToxinsPROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES THAT DETERMINE EFFECTOR FUNCTION 152NE Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2gregation of the antigen recognition and effector functions of antibody molecules was introduced in Chapter 4. Antibodies sterically block the infectivity of microbes and the injurious effects of microbial toxins simply by binding to the microbes and toxins, using only their Fab regions to do so. Ot Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2her functions of antibodies require the participation of various components of host defense, such as phagocytes and the complement system. The Fc portEbook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2
ions of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules, made up of the heavy-chain constant regions, contain the binding sites for 1 c receptors on phagocytes and for Effector Mechanisms of Humoral ImmunityElimination of Extracellular Microbes and ToxinsPROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES THAT DETERMINE EFFECTOR FUNCTION 152NE Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2a microbe or microbial antigen, therefore, even the lc-dependent functions of antibodies require antigen recognition by the Fab regions. This feature of antibodies ensures that they activate effector mechanisms only when needed, that is. when they recognize their target antigens.Heavy-chain isolype Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2(class) switching and affinity maturation enhance the protective functions of antibodies. Isotype switching and affinity maturation are two changes thEbook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2
at occur in the antibodies produced by antigen-stimulated B lymphocytes, especially during responses to protein antigens (sec Chapter 7). Ileavy-chainEffector Mechanisms of Humoral ImmunityElimination of Extracellular Microbes and ToxinsPROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES THAT DETERMINE EFFECTOR FUNCTION 152NE Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2ing to different antibody isotypes in response to various microbes, the humoral immune system is able to engage host mechanisms that are optimal for combating these microbes. Affinity maturation is induced by prolonged or repeated stimulation with protein antigens, and it leads to the production of Ebook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2antibodies with higher and higher affinities for the antigen. This change increases the ability of antibodies to bind to and neutralize or eliminate mEbook Basic immunology functions and disorders of the immune system (4th edition): Part 2
icrobes, especially if the microbes are persistent or capable of recurrent infections. This IS one of the reasons for the recommended practice of giviEffector Mechanisms of Humoral ImmunityElimination of Extracellular Microbes and ToxinsPROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES THAT DETERMINE EFFECTOR FUNCTION 152NEEffector Mechanisms of Humoral ImmunityElimination of Extracellular Microbes and ToxinsPROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES THAT DETERMINE EFFECTOR FUNCTION 152NEGọi ngay
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