Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2
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Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2
Nutrition Issues and Concerns113Bright FUTlAf 5BreastfeedingHealth professionals arc uniquely positioned to influence women in their decision about wh Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2hether to breastfeed. Discussing the benefits of breastfeeding during prenatal care enables parents to make an informed choice about whether and for how long to breastfeed their infant. Breastfeeding success is in large part dependent on a health professionals supportive attitudes, a hospital climat Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2e that is conducive to the initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding, family support, and health professionals' awareness of the need for breastfeedEbook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2
ing instruction and support.BreastfeedingBREASTFEEDING RATESUte Healthy People 2010 objectives for breastfeeding are that 75% of mothers will breastfeNutrition Issues and Concerns113Bright FUTlAf 5BreastfeedingHealth professionals arc uniquely positioned to influence women in their decision about wh Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2ants in the early postpartum period, and 41% continued to breastfeed through age 6 months? The Healthy People 2010 Midcourse Review objectives for breastfeeding arc that 60% of mothers will breastfeed exclusively for 3 months, and at least 25% will breastfeed exclusively for 6 months.1 In 2004, 30% Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2of mothers exclusively breastfed their infants for 3 months, and 11% exclusively breastfed their infants for 6 months? To promote optimal nutritionalEbook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2
status for infants, it is essential that health professionals and parents recognize the enormous benefits of breastfeeding and breast milk, understandNutrition Issues and Concerns113Bright FUTlAf 5BreastfeedingHealth professionals arc uniquely positioned to influence women in their decision about wh Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2 United States in the 20th century were not breastfed. Cows milk preparations and other infant formulas were usually the major source of nutrition during the first year of life. However, research conducted over the past 30 years has repeatedly demonstrated the importance of breast milk for infants? Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2This recognition of the health, nutritional, immunologic, psychological, and societal advantages of breast milk over all substitutes has led to a gradEbook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2
ual increase in breastfeeding, especially during the first 2 to 4 months of life. Additional health benefits from breastfeeding for mothers—as well asNutrition Issues and Concerns113Bright FUTlAf 5BreastfeedingHealth professionals arc uniquely positioned to influence women in their decision about wh Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2 a variety of infectious diseases, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and contaminated water and food supplies. Epidemiological studies have shown that, compared with formula-fed infants, breastfed infants may have fewer and less severe bacterial and viral diseases, including meningitis, gas Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2troenteritis, otitis media, pneumonia, botulism, and urinary tract infections? *Ị115BRIGHT FUTURES:NUTRITIONBreastfeeding116Epidemiological data suggeEbook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2
st that children who were breastfed as infants experience certain chronic disorders al a lower rate than their counterparts who were not breastfed. BrNutrition Issues and Concerns113Bright FUTlAf 5BreastfeedingHealth professionals arc uniquely positioned to influence women in their decision about wh Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2 diabetes mellilus," and cer tain allergic conditions.15 Some of the preventive effects of breastfeeding (including the preventive effects against otitis media and asthma) con tinuc well beyond the period of breastfeeding, suggesting that breastfeeding enhances long term immunologic response? Moreov Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2er, growth patterns observed in the first year of life suggest that breastfeeding may help prevent obesity.-' Multiple studies have demonstrated an asEbook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2
sociation between breastfeeding and improved cognitive behavior, including higher IQs and improved school performance through adolescence?In the days Nutrition Issues and Concerns113Bright FUTlAf 5BreastfeedingHealth professionals arc uniquely positioned to influence women in their decision about wh Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2ng lactation reduces iron loss and delays the resumption of ovulation.16 Consequently, the time between pregnancies is increased, the risk of prematurity in later pregnancies is reduced, and adverse outcomes for the pregnancy or the infant are reduced. In proportion to the total duration of lactatio Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2n, women who breastfeed have lower rates of ovarian cancer. premenopausal breast cancer, hip fractures, and osteoporosis.56I lospilalizalions, medicalEbook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2
oilice visits, and pharmaceutical use arc significantly reduced for breastfed infants, cutting health care costs by an average of $200 per breastfed Nutrition Issues and Concerns113Bright FUTlAf 5BreastfeedingHealth professionals arc uniquely positioned to influence women in their decision about wh Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2stfeeding also eliminates or reduces the need to purchase infant formula, the cost of which has been estimated to range from $750 to $1,500 for the first year of life. Breast pump rental or purchase and lactation consultation services may counteract some of these savings, but the net economic benefi Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2t remains significant.1''!IBREAST MILK COMPOSITIONI luman milk is radically different from cows milk and even from prepared infant formula, despite atEbook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2
tempts to modify formulas to make them similar to breast milk. Breast milk is low in protein (about 0.9 g/100 ml.) compared with rawcow’s milk, which Nutrition Issues and Concerns113Bright FUTlAf 5BreastfeedingHealth professionals arc uniquely positioned to influence women in their decision about wh Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2ation in human milk, but the protein structure (which is more difficult for the young infant to absorb) remains the same as that of cow’s milk. In some formulas, the ratio of whey to casein is altered in an attempt to mimic the amino acid concentrations in breast milk, in which whey is dominant. Hum Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2an milk proteins contain antibodies (known as secretory IgA) that are structured specifically to resist digestion.Breast milk also contains hundreds oEbook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2
f micronutrients, including free amino acids, essential fatty acids, minerals, growth factors, cytokines, and other chemical agents that contribute toNutrition Issues and Concerns113Bright FUTlAf 5BreastfeedingHealth professionals arc uniquely positioned to influence women in their decision about wh Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2s composition varies during the course of breastfeeding. Colostrum, the initial milk, is higher in protein and lower in fat and lactose concentrations than mature milk.16 Throughout the course of lactation, secretory IgA concentration gradually declines, allowing the infant’s immune system to develo Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2p and lose its dependency on the mother’s sources. Because the mother and infant share the same environment, the mother develops and secretes antibodiEbook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2
es specific to the viruses and bacteria to which the infant is exposed. Uns response is rapid, requiring only a few days. these dynamic changes in theNutrition Issues and Concerns113Bright FUTlAf 5BreastfeedingHealth professionals arc uniquely positioned to influence women in their decision about wh Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2when it is begun during the first hour after birth. Ute infant and mother should remain together throughout the recovery and postpartum period, with no interruptions in the rooming-in. The mother should be encouraged to put her infant to the breast at the earliest signs of hunger (eg,mouthing motion Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2s, hand-to-mouth movements, wide-eyed eagerness, cooing).'6 Crying is a late sign of hunger that often interferes with good breastfeeding; the cryingEbook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2
infant usually requires calming before breastfeeding can begin. Positioning and latching-on require some initial experimentation. A good let-down or mNutrition Issues and Concerns113Bright FUTlAf 5BreastfeedingHealth professionals arc uniquely positioned to influence women in their decision about wh Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2f oxytocin by the pituitary gland), are signs of a good latch-on in the first few days’ postpartum. Although only small amounts of colostrum are produced at each feeding for the first day or so. this initial milk is vital for nutrition and immune protection. No supplemental feeding is necessary in m Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2ost cases, and families should be counseled that weight loss in the first few days of life is expected and normal. The volume of breast milk will incrEbook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2
ease over the next few days. Counseling by a lactation consultant can often identify problems in positioning and latching-on that can be easily correcNutrition Issues and Concerns113Bright FUTlAf 5BreastfeedingHealth professionals arc uniquely positioned to influence women in their decision about wh Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2on, and the infant should empty the first breast before being put to the second breast. Frequent breastfeeding and complete emptying of both breasts will help prevent engorgement and stimulate breast milk production. The hind milk—the portion that comes out toward the end of emptying a breast—contai Ebook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2ns much more fat. which provides essential calories and signals the infant to end feeding on that breast."1 Water and formula supplementation are notEbook Bright futures nutrition (3/E): Part 2
needed and should be discouraged, because they may interfere with the development of good breastfeeding patterns. Water supplementation also increasesGọi ngay
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