Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2
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Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2
https: //k hot h u vien .comArbovirusesJOHN T. ROEHR1G AND ROBERT s. LANCIOTTI23LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR DETECTING VIRUSESIntroductionThe term arbovi Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2irus is a contraction of “arthropod-borne virus" and has no phylogenetic or classification significance. This term describes the mechanism by which these viruses are transmitted and maintained in nature: through the bite of a hematophagous arthropod. Most medically important arboviruses are transmit Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2ted by either mosquitoes or ticks. In the United States alone, representatives from at least five vims families can he transmitted by biting arthropodEbook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2
s (Table 1). This review will focus on the medically important arboviruses.Because these viruses are transmitted by arthropods, arhi >-viral disease uhttps: //k hot h u vien .comArbovirusesJOHN T. ROEHR1G AND ROBERT s. LANCIOTTI23LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR DETECTING VIRUSESIntroductionThe term arbovi Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2nths in milder climates, and disease transmission can occur year round in the tropics. During the milder times of the year, or depending on the patients travel history, testing for arboviruses should be included in the laboratory diagnosis of cases compatible with arboviral infections.There are 535 Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2arboviruses listed in the International Catalogue of Arboviruses (Karabatsos. 1985), but most have not been associated with human disease. Continued eEbook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2
ncroachment on the worlds tropical rainforests, however, coupled with rapid transport of humans and animals, makes arboviruses emerging and rccmcrginghttps: //k hot h u vien .comArbovirusesJOHN T. ROEHR1G AND ROBERT s. LANCIOTTI23LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR DETECTING VIRUSESIntroductionThe term arbovi Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2new locales. The discovery of West Nile (WN) virus (WNV) in the United States in 1999 is a recent example of arbovirus movement. Identification of emerging agents will, by definition, be difficult, with the medical and veterinary community depending on specialty reference laboratories capable of wor Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2king with and identifying these biosafety level > and 4 pathogens (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1993). The World Health Organization (WEbook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2
HO) sponsors a laboratory network of WHO Collaborating Centers distributed throughout the world, which specialize in diagnosing arboviral diseases. Ithttps: //k hot h u vien .comArbovirusesJOHN T. ROEHR1G AND ROBERT s. LANCIOTTI23LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR DETECTING VIRUSESIntroductionThe term arbovi Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2er (YF) epidemics probably occurred as early as 1648 in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are the urban vectors of YF, also transmit dengue (DEN) virus, the cause of DEN fever. DEN fever outbreaks occurred quite frequently tn the southern United States until the 1920s, Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2 when populations of the vector mosquito were controlled. Both DEN and YF continue to occur in tropical America and Africa, even though an effective YEbook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2
F vaccine exists. This inability to control YF despite the availability of an effective vaccine reflects the poor economic conditions of the countrieshttps: //k hot h u vien .comArbovirusesJOHN T. ROEHR1G AND ROBERT s. LANCIOTTI23LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR DETECTING VIRUSESIntroductionThe term arbovi Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2DEN shock syndrome (DSS), which currently occur as major, lethal epidemics of children in Southeast Asia and appeared for the first time in the New World in Cuba in 1981 (Kouri Ct al.. 1983; Guzman Ct al., 1984; Guzman er ah, 1990).The primary clinical manifestation of life-threatening arboviral dis Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2ease in North America has been encephalitis. Three mosquito-bome viruses that cause human encephalitis were discovered during the 1930s. Western equinEbook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2
e encephalitis (WEE) virus was isolated in 1930 from horses (Meyer Ct al., 1931) and in 1938 was associated with encephalitis in humans in California.https: //k hot h u vien .comArbovirusesJOHN T. ROEHR1G AND ROBERT s. LANCIOTTI23LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR DETECTING VIRUSESIntroductionThe term arbovi Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2from horses (TenBroeck and Merrill, 1933). It was subsequently isolated from people in 1938. Currently. EEE has a distribution throughout most of the eastern half of the United States. The first outbreak of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus occurred in 1933 in St. Louis, MO, with 1,095 reported cas Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2es (Cumming, 1935). The last major SLEepidemic was in 1975. with 1,815 reported cases. Endemic (rural) SLE may occur each year in much of the westernEbook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2
United States (Monath and Tsai, 1987; Tsai Ct al., 1987b; Rciscn Ct al., 1990; Rciscn etal., 1992a; Reisenet al., 1992b; Rcisen and Chiles, 1997). It https: //k hot h u vien .comArbovirusesJOHN T. ROEHR1G AND ROBERT s. LANCIOTTI23LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR DETECTING VIRUSESIntroductionThe term arbovi Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2ncidence of SLE may be due to human lifestyle modifications, such as the use of air conditioning and television. Focal outbreaks can occur each year; however, many times they are localized to the poorer387https: //k hot h u vien .com388 ■ VIRAL PATHOGENSTABLE 1 Medically important arboviruses in the Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2 United StatesVirus familyPathogenRelated vinis(es)TojjuirnciacEEE virus WEE virus VEE virusHl virusFlavwmdaeWNV SLE virus POW virus DEN virusSLE viruEbook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2
s WNVBunyairndocCAL scrogroup viruses LAC encephalitis virus CAL encephalitis (CE) SSH virus JC virus cv virusManyReoiiiidaeCTF virusNoneRIuiòù'Viriiihttps: //k hot h u vien .comArbovirusesJOHN T. ROEHR1G AND ROBERT s. LANCIOTTI23LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR DETECTING VIRUSESIntroductionThe term arbovi Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2ezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) vims, have been associated with major epidemics or arc maintained in nature in enzootic cycles. The varieties of VEE viruses associated with thesedil-fcring epidemiologic presentations can be separated Ixxh serologically and through genetic analysis. VEÉ virus has c Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2aused major human epidemics periodically thn 'Ugh' 'lit Central and South America since the 1930s, the most recent in 1995 m Colombia and Venezuela (KEbook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2
inney Ct al., 1989; Sncider Ct al.. 1993; Weaver et al., 1996; Rivas et al., 1997; Kinney et al., 1998). It is now believed that the earliest VEE epidhttps: //k hot h u vien .comArbovirusesJOHN T. ROEHR1G AND ROBERT s. LANCIOTTI23LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR DETECTING VIRUSESIntroductionThe term arbovi Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2ns of VEE virus thought to have evolved from naturally occurring enzootic VEE viruses (Rico-Hesse et al., 1995; Powers et ai., 1997; Kinney et al., 1998). The reasoning for this is derived partly from the inability to isolate epidemic VEE viruses during interepidcmic periods.Following the discovery Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2of WNV in the New York City area in 1999, It has now become the leading cause of vcctor-bome human encephalitis in the United States. WNV has spread tEbook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2
hroughout the continental United States and Canada, and there is serological evidence for WNV activity in Mexico. Central and South America, and the Chttps: //k hot h u vien .comArbovirusesJOHN T. ROEHR1G AND ROBERT s. LANCIOTTI23LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR DETECTING VIRUSESIntroductionThe term arbovi Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2ck. 2005; Busch Ct al., 2005; Hoekstra, 2005; Kusne and Smilack, 2005; Kuehn, 2006; Lee and Biggerstaff. 2006; Montgomery Ct al.. 2006; O'Leary Ct al., 2006; Hinckley Ct al., 2007). These modes include blood, transplanted tissue, and human breast milk (transmission to infants through the milk of inf Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2ected mothers).Detailed reviews for all of these viruses as well as a currently emerging encephalitis caused by the California (CAL) serogroup virus,Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2
La Crosse (LAC) encephalitis, arc recommended for further study (Calishcr and Thompson, 1983; Monath, 1988, 1996; Trent et al., 1989; Tsai and Monath,https: //k hot h u vien .comArbovirusesJOHN T. ROEHR1G AND ROBERT s. LANCIOTTI23LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR DETECTING VIRUSESIntroductionThe term arbovi Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2ical identification of antiviral antibodies and/or isolation of virus. While the classical serological assays of hemagglutination inhibition (Hl), complement fixation (CF), and neutralization (NT) of virus infectivity have been replaced by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), each of these ear Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2lier tests still have applicability. The timing after infection of certain viral infections can sometimes be ascertained with the CF test. While the lEbook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2
abo-ratorian can readily distinguish between virus families (c.g., flaviviruses and togavinises), within an individual family, many of the viruses arehttps: //k hot h u vien .comArbovirusesJOHN T. ROEHR1G AND ROBERT s. LANCIOTTI23LABORATORY PROCEDURES FOR DETECTING VIRUSESIntroductionThe term arbovi Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2tion into susceptible cell culture is losing ground to more rapid as-ays like PCR and antigen-detection ELISA, the former approach is still useful. For example, alphaviruscs replicate in common continuous Cell cultures like Vero or Bl IK-21 cells, often demonstrating virus-specific cytopathic effect Ebook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2s within 24 hours. These virus-infected cells can then be used to identify the infecting agent by indirect immunofluorescence assay (1FA) using well-cEbook Clinical virology manual (4/E): Part 2
haracterized virus-specific murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Very few BCR assays developed for arboviruses have been critically and completely anaGọi ngay
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