Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2
Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2
ATRIAL TACHYCARDIAAtrial tachycardia (AT) is defined as a regular atrial rhythm originating from the atrium at 100 bpm to 240 bpm. T e presence of an Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2 atrial rate above 100 bpm with three different p wave morphologies signifies different foci of atrial depolarization and is called a multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT). Previous classifications of AT had been based exclusively on the routine electrocardiogram (ECG) with a constant rate and an isoe Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2lectric line between the two consecutive p waves. Atrial flutter (AFL) is typically a reentrant arrhythmia defined as having a pattern of regular tachEbook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2
ycardia with a rate above 240 bpm without an isoelectric baseline between deflections. T e typical (cavotricuspid dependent) AFL usually shows sawtootATRIAL TACHYCARDIAAtrial tachycardia (AT) is defined as a regular atrial rhythm originating from the atrium at 100 bpm to 240 bpm. T e presence of an Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2cal (noncavotricuspid dependent) AFL. However, neither rate nor lack of isoelectric baseline is specific for any tachycardia mechanism. A rapid AT in a scarred atrium can mimic AFL. and. on the other hand, a typical AFL can show distinct isoelectric intervals between flutter waves, in diseased atria Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2, or in the presence of antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Terefore it becomes a matter of semantics to define an AT or an atypical AFL. AT can result fromEbook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2
a focal mechanism such as abnormal automaticity or triggered activity. Unlike prior definitions stating that focal AB have a constant rate, a focal ATATRIAL TACHYCARDIAAtrial tachycardia (AT) is defined as a regular atrial rhythm originating from the atrium at 100 bpm to 240 bpm. T e presence of an Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2 classification of AT AFL. Focal automatic ATs occur mostly in children and young adults. Focal automatic AB begin with a p wave identical co the p wave during the arrhythmia, and the rate generally increases gradually (warms up) over the first few seconds. Automatic ATs are catecholamine sensitive Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2and cannot be induced or terminated by programmed electrical stimulation (PES). ATs resulting from triggered activity can arise anywhere in the atriaEbook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2
but most commonly originate from the’crista termi-nalis. tricuspid annulus, and mitral annulus. T ese ATs can be induced and terminated with PES. T e ATRIAL TACHYCARDIAAtrial tachycardia (AT) is defined as a regular atrial rhythm originating from the atrium at 100 bpm to 240 bpm. T e presence of an Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2, but its reentrant mechanism can be elucidated after a careful electrophysiology study includingentrainment. Macroreentrant AT and AFL are discussed in detail in Chapter s.ATRIAL TACHYCARDIAT e location of the focal source of an AT is determined by p wave morphology and vector on 12-lead ECG (Figur Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2es 7-1 and 7-2). Focal AT can arise anywhere in the atrium, pulmonary veins (PVs), and venae cavae (Figures 7-3 through 7-9). Focal ATs usually have dEbook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2
iscrete p waves at rates of 110 to 240 bpm. but AT AFL arising from PVs can be as fast as 300 bpm. Antiarrhythmic drugs can slow the AT.'AFL rate by dATRIAL TACHYCARDIAAtrial tachycardia (AT) is defined as a regular atrial rhythm originating from the atrium at 100 bpm to 240 bpm. T e presence of an Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2en Shorter atrial activation with a shorter p wave duration and longer diastolic intervals on the ECG distinguishes a focal from a macroreentrant AT with 90*0 sensitivity and specificity. Careful analysis of the 12-lead ECG and rhythm strips as well as vagal maneuvers and drug inter ventions (adenos Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2ine and atrioventricular (AV] nodal blockers) help in determining the mechanism of an AT An electrophysiology study is helpful in determining the focuEbook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2
s of an AT or the isthmus of a reentrant AT (Figures 7-10 through 7-18).p AND QRS RELATIONSHIP DURING ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA1AB usually have a long R-P' tATRIAL TACHYCARDIAAtrial tachycardia (AT) is defined as a regular atrial rhythm originating from the atrium at 100 bpm to 240 bpm. T e presence of an Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2al physiology with AV conduction via the slow pathway.2T e atrial to ventricular relationship depends on the ability of the AV node conduction during tachycardia. It is usually 1 1 conduction during ẰTs: however. Wenckebach pattern or 2 1 AV block can occur. T e presence of AV block during supravent Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2ricular tachycardia strongly suggests AT and excludes an AV reentrant tachycardia. Rarely, an AV nodal reentrant tachycardia with lower common pathwayEbook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2
block or His-Puikinje187188 CHAPTER 7 ATRIAL TACHYCARDIATABLE 7-1 Classification of atrial tachycardia and atrial flutterTYPEMECHANISMMAPPING PROPERTATRIAL TACHYCARDIAAtrial tachycardia (AT) is defined as a regular atrial rhythm originating from the atrium at 100 bpm to 240 bpm. T e presence of an Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2, calcium blockerMicroreentryA focal in ongin but careful mapping shows an area of continuous or mid diastolic potentialPAG PESPESMacroreentrant AT and AFLCavotricuspid dependent right AFL Noncavotrkuspid isthmus dependentTypical counterclockwise Typical clockwise Lower-loop reentry Double-loop reen Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2try Intra-isthmus reentry Upper-loop reentry (see Chapter 8) Leslonal (incision related) Scar related (congenital heart disease, cardiac surgery, cardEbook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2
iomyopathy)PES. PAC. PVC (rarely)PE5 PE5Left atrial or biatrialPostablation Around scar or anatomic structuresPostatrial fibrillation catheter ablatioATRIAL TACHYCARDIAAtrial tachycardia (AT) is defined as a regular atrial rhythm originating from the atrium at 100 bpm to 240 bpm. T e presence of an Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2al complex; AES, programmed electrical stimulation. Pvt. premature ventricular complexdisease may show AV block and variable relation of p waves with QRS.3Termination of a supraventricular tachycardia without a following QRS practically rules out an AT.EFFECT OF DRUG THERAPY ON ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA AN Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2D ATRIAL FLUTTERWith AV nodal disease or AV' nodal drug therapy. 4:1 or variable AV block is seen. In the presence of antiarrhythmic drug therapy, theEbook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2
cycle length of AFL can prolong or atrial fibrillation can organize to a relatively slower flutter that allows the AV node to conduct 1 1. resulting ATRIAL TACHYCARDIAAtrial tachycardia (AT) is defined as a regular atrial rhythm originating from the atrium at 100 bpm to 240 bpm. T e presence of an Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2ered activity.LOCALIZATION OF FOCAL ATRIAL TACHYCARDIASSeveral algorithms have been proposed for ECG localization of focal AT using the p wave morphology and axis on a 12-lead ECG (see Figures 7-1 and 7-2). However, sometimes p wave morphology can be difficult to determine on account of the partial Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2masking by ST segment/T wave. Simple vagal maneuvers or intravenous adenosine administration during 12-lead ECG rhythm strip recording can separate thEbook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2
e p wave from T wave Alternatively, a postpremature ventricular contraction compensatory pause can separate the p wave from the T wave and delineate pATRIAL TACHYCARDIAAtrial tachycardia (AT) is defined as a regular atrial rhythm originating from the atrium at 100 bpm to 240 bpm. T e presence of an Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2 structure, and the left atrium (LA) is a posterior structure. T e lead VI is located to the right and anteriorly in relation to the atria. T erefore p wave morphology in lead V] plays a vital role in determining the origin of focal ATs A right AT originating from the tricuspid annulus or crista ter Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2minalis has negative p waves in lead V1 because the atrial activation travels away from lead V1 .u p waves in lead VI are positive for ATs originatingEbook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2
from the PVs because of the posterior location in the chest. In general, negative p waves in the anterior precordial leads suggest an anterior RA or ATRIAL TACHYCARDIAAtrial tachycardia (AT) is defined as a regular atrial rhythm originating from the atrium at 100 bpm to 240 bpm. T e presence of an Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2re significantly faster (mean cycle lengths: 289 ± 45 ms and 280 ± 48 ms in patients without and with pv ablation for atrial fibrillation, respectively) compared with left ATs (mean cycle lengths: 392 ± 106 ms and 407 ± 87 ms. patients without and with pv ablation for atrial fibrillation, respective Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2ly).5 p waves in focal pv ATs usually have longer duration'll 10 ms) A prior catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation or reentrant AT. maze procedure,Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2
and surgery for congenital heart disease can affect the localization of the AT AFL focus or circuit.RIGHT ATRIAL TACHYCARDIAA negative or biphasic (pATRIAL TACHYCARDIAAtrial tachycardia (AT) is defined as a regular atrial rhythm originating from the atrium at 100 bpm to 240 bpm. T e presence of an Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2 see also Figures 7-9 through 7-18). p waves during ATs arising near the septum are generally narrower than thoseCHARTarising in the RA or LA free wall because of a relatively rapid activation from the midline to both atria, whereas the impulse from Al's with a right or left lateral atrial origin ha Ebook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2s to travel a longer distance to excite the whole contralateral atria.SINUS NODE REENTRY TACHYCARDIASinus node reentry is defined as a reentrant tachyEbook Electrocardiography of arrhythmias - A comprehensive review: Part 2
cardia involving the Sintis node and perinodal tissue that is induced and terminated with PES and is adenosine sensitive. However, there has not beenGọi ngay
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