Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2
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Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2
CHAPTER 19An Attachment Perspective on Callous and Unemotional Characteristics across DevelopmentRoseann M. Larstone, Stephanie G. Craig, and Marlene Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2 M. MorettiThere is an extensive history of research on the etiology and course of serious conduct problems and treatment outcomes among antisocial and violent youth (e.g., Moffitt et al.. 2008). A consistent finding from this work is that children and adolescents with conduct problems display consi Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2derable heterogeneity in the type and severity of their behavior problems, social and interpersonal functioning (e.g.. quality of interpersonal relatiEbook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2
onships: school dropout, incarceration). and response to treatment. This heterogeneity suggests that there are meaningful subgroups (e.g.. child vs. aCHAPTER 19An Attachment Perspective on Callous and Unemotional Characteristics across DevelopmentRoseann M. Larstone, Stephanie G. Craig, and Marlene Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2tt. 1993.2006). The identification of heterogeneous clusters in the etiology and developmental course of severe conduct problems has become a pressing research priority (Frick & Marsee. 2006: Frick & White. 2008) with important implications for intervention.One well-developed line of research that h Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2as shed light on heterogeneity among children with serious behavior problems focuses on callous-unemotional (CU) traits (Frick & White. 2008; Waller eEbook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2
t al.. 2012). Historically, CƯ traits (e.g., lack of empathy and guilt; shallow affect: uncaring attitudes) (deckley. 1941; Hare. Hart. & Harpur. 1991CHAPTER 19An Attachment Perspective on Callous and Unemotional Characteristics across DevelopmentRoseann M. Larstone, Stephanie G. Craig, and Marlene Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2ns who have high levels of cu traits have been shown to demonstrate more severe, chronic and aggressive patterns of behavior than do children who show conduct problems in the absence of cu traits (e.g.. Frick & White, 2008; Kimonis. Bagner. Linares. Blake. & Rodríguez, 2014). Conduct problems in con Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2junction with high levels of cu traits are associated with low punishment sensitivity and lack of responsiveness toothers’ emotions (particularly fearEbook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2
; see Blair. Leibenhift. & Pine. 2014: Dadds & Rhodes. 2008). CƯ traits are predominant in current conceptualizations of psychopathy, suggesting a linCHAPTER 19An Attachment Perspective on Callous and Unemotional Characteristics across DevelopmentRoseann M. Larstone, Stephanie G. Craig, and Marlene Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2Hare, 1993; Kimonis, Frick, Cauffman. Goldweber. & Skeem. 2012). Apart from cu traits, the affective component of psychopathy, there are two additional defining features of psychopathy: the interpersonal (e.g., arrogant and deceitful; narcissistic view of self and manipulative behavior) and the beha Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2vioral features (e.g., impulsive irresponsible: see Frick & White, 2008).Youth with high levels of CƯ traits show low levels of fearfulness and a prefEbook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2
erence for thrillseeking. novel, and dangerous activities in both324Attachment Perspective on Callous-Unemotional Characteristics325nonreferred (FrickCHAPTER 19An Attachment Perspective on Callous and Unemotional Characteristics across DevelopmentRoseann M. Larstone, Stephanie G. Craig, and Marlene Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2re less sensitive to punishment cues, show lower levels of empathy. express less emotion, and show less reactivity to threatening and emotionally distressing stimuli from a young age. This may reflect a genetic basis to their CƯ traits and aggressive/ antisocial behavior (Dadds & Rhodes. 2008). Give Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2n these findings, it is unsurprising that cu traits are described as dispositional and have been shown to be relatively stable from late childhood toEbook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2
early adolescence, particularly according to parent report (Frick & White. 2008). Importantly, however, at least two studies have reported decreases oCHAPTER 19An Attachment Perspective on Callous and Unemotional Characteristics across DevelopmentRoseann M. Larstone, Stephanie G. Craig, and Marlene Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2hman. & Powell.2007).There is no question that CƯ traits are central to the development of serious conduct disorder and a core component of psychopathology, particularly antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy, but are there multiple pathways to CLT traits? The current chapter present Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2s two contemporary and sometimes competing views regarding the etiological and developmental trajectory of cu traits in relation to aggression and relEbook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2
ated empirical findings. The first model, which is dominant in the literature, adopts a developmental genetic and neurobiological perspective. This etCHAPTER 19An Attachment Perspective on Callous and Unemotional Characteristics across DevelopmentRoseann M. Larstone, Stephanie G. Craig, and Marlene Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2s. Primary psychopathy is characterized by trait fearlessness, impulsivity, high social dominance, high self-esteem, and low anxiety, a constellation of features that are generally viewed as an expression of underlying genetic influences (e.g., Blair. Peschardt. Budhani, Mitchell. & Pine, 2006).Of p Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2articular interest relative to this discussion is a second developmental model, originally proposed by Karpman (1941, 1948) and based on an emerging lEbook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2
iterature that conceptualizes cu features or characteristics as an "acquired adaptation” to environmental influences, particularly exposure to chronicCHAPTER 19An Attachment Perspective on Callous and Unemotional Characteristics across DevelopmentRoseann M. Larstone, Stephanie G. Craig, and Marlene Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2as being analogous to secondary psychopathy.Secondary psychopathy in adults is linked with trauma exposure and occurs in conjunction with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (Hicks, Vaidyanathan, & Patrick. 2010). Based on the field of developmental traumatology, the central premise of thi Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2s view is that children exposed to severe maltreatment, especially when perpetrated within their primary relationships with caregivers (i.e., betrayalEbook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2
trauma), cope through avoidance, emotional detachment, and the development of callousness (see also Ford. Chapman. Mack, & Pearson, 2006; Karpman, 19CHAPTER 19An Attachment Perspective on Callous and Unemotional Characteristics across DevelopmentRoseann M. Larstone, Stephanie G. Craig, and Marlene Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2 of "primary" versus "acquired” cu traits. In this chapter, we selectively review newly emerging research focused on the heterogeneity in developmental pathways to cu traits. Where the literature specific to CƯ traits is sparse, we supplement our discussion with research on the etiological factors t Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2hat distinguish primary and secondary psychopathy in adolescence, which encompasses interpersonal, behavioral, and affective features. We discuss whatEbook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2
we term "broad” CƯ traits, in which the literature does not distinguish between the two variants and specify primary and acquired cu. where appropriaCHAPTER 19An Attachment Perspective on Callous and Unemotional Characteristics across DevelopmentRoseann M. Larstone, Stephanie G. Craig, and Marlene Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2actors, including attachment-related processes and treatment response associated with primary versus acquired cu. We argue that these two pathways are not mutually exclusive; however, understanding distinctive features will undoubtedly improve the quality and effectiveness of our prevention and trea Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2tment efforts. We also discuss limitations in the current state of the literature and future directions for research.Clinical FeaturesA considerable bEbook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2
ody of research demonstrates that antisocial youth with CƯ traits differ developmentally on behavioral, emotional, and neural indices from antisocial CHAPTER 19An Attachment Perspective on Callous and Unemotional Characteristics across DevelopmentRoseann M. Larstone, Stephanie G. Craig, and Marlene Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2 that has furthered our understanding of how primary versus acquired cu traits are expressed326ETIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENTfrom studies investigating these constructs in samples of youth diagnosed with conduct disorder and those involved in the juvenile justice system. Conduct disorder describes a heter Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2ogeneous group of children and adolescents, only a small minority of whom develops severe and chronic forms of antisocial behavior (c.g.. 1 rick Ct alEbook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2
., 2014). rhe inclusion of cu trails as a modifier in DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association [APAJ. 2013) was to identify a clinically meaningful subCHAPTER 19An Attachment Perspective on Callous and Unemotional Characteristics across DevelopmentRoseann M. Larstone, Stephanie G. Craig, and Marlene Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2and acquired cu variants.Primary CL is defined by shallow affect; deficient empathy, guilt, and remorse; callousness toward the feelings of others; and deficits in emotion processing that give rise to low emotional arousal —characteristics that are evident at a young age (e.g., Blair et al.. 2006. 2 Ebook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2014). In studies specifically examining primary cu traits in relation to psychopathology, these features are associated with less severe conduct problEbook Handbook of personality disorders (2/E): Part 2
ems, lower levels of physical aggression, and less emotional and behavioral dysregula-tion compared to the acquired variant (Kahn et al.. 2013). CompaGọi ngay
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