Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2
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Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2
CHAPTER 10Evaluation ofExternalizing SymptomsEvaluation of Hyperactive and Impulsive BehaviorsAlthough distractibility was traditionally considered th Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2he core feature of at' tention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), researchers, more recently, have proposed that the central deficit in ADHD is a problem of behavioral inhibition that involves a delay in the development OÍ self-control and self' regulation. The behavior of children with ADHD is Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2regulated more by immediate circumstances (i.e., external sources) and less by executive functions and considerations of time and the future. As BarklEbook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2
ey (1997, p. 313) stated, “ADHD is far more a deficit of behavioral inhibition than of attention.”DSM--5 (American Psychiatric Association 2013) distiCHAPTER 10Evaluation ofExternalizing SymptomsEvaluation of Hyperactive and Impulsive BehaviorsAlthough distractibility was traditionally considered th Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2e hyperactive-impulsive and combined types are more prevalent in child psychiatric populations. The ADHD types are associated with different clinical, comorbid, and prognostic courses. According to Faraone el al. (1998), children with the combined type have the highest rates of comorbid disruptive, Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2anxiety, and depressive disorders. In comparison with children who have the combined type, children with the inattentive type have similar rates of coEbook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2
morbid anxiety and depressive disorders but lower rates of disruptive disorders. Children with the hyperactive-impulsive type, compared with children CHAPTER 10Evaluation ofExternalizing SymptomsEvaluation of Hyperactive and Impulsive BehaviorsAlthough distractibility was traditionally considered th Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2ociated anxiety and depression. Children with the combined or inattentive types have higher rales of academic problems than do children with the hyperactive-impulsive type. Compared with children with the other two types, children with the combined type have higher lifetime rales of conduct, oppo si Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2tional, bipolar, language, and tic disorders; they also have the highest rate of counseling and multimodal treatments, few differences were found betwEbook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2
een the hyperactive-impulsive and the inattentive types, although children with the inattentive type had a higher lifetime prevalence of major depressCHAPTER 10Evaluation ofExternalizing SymptomsEvaluation of Hyperactive and Impulsive BehaviorsAlthough distractibility was traditionally considered th Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2ldhood. In children diagnosed with ADHD as preschoolers, the Preschool Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Study (PATS) found that at 6-year followup, 89% of the children who were not lost to follow up and had been diagnosed with moderate to severe ADHD as preschoolers continued to h Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2ave symptoms that met ADHD diagnostic criteria (Riddle et al. 2013).In a 5-year prospective study by Hinshaw (2008), nearly two-thirds of females withEbook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2
ADHD showed depression at some point during the study; this rate was several times higher than that in the non-ADHD comparison group. Depressive sympCHAPTER 10Evaluation ofExternalizing SymptomsEvaluation of Hyperactive and Impulsive BehaviorsAlthough distractibility was traditionally considered th Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2ater need of multiple types of treatment) than in the comparison group. Major depression also predicted continuity of depression, onset of anxiety, and substance use disorders (Hinshaw 2008).Longitudinal studies of boys with or without ADI ID revealed that major depression at baseline predicted synd Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2rome-congruent outcomes 4 years later. Boys with major depression and comorbid ADHD were at significant risk for bipolar disorder, psychosocial dysfunEbook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2
ction, and psychiatric hospitalizations. Boys with a clinical presentation meeting the criteria for major depression had prototypical symptoms of the CHAPTER 10Evaluation ofExternalizing SymptomsEvaluation of Hyperactive and Impulsive BehaviorsAlthough distractibility was traditionally considered th Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2o develop major depression than were control females. Bicdcrman Ct al. (2008) reported that major depression in females with ADHD, compared with major depression in control females, was associated with an earlier onset and greater duration of the major depression, as well as more severe associated m Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2ajor depression impairment, including psychiatrichospitalization and increased suicidal ideation. ADHD in females significantly increased the risk forEbook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2
mania, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) independent of the major depression status. Parental history of major depression andCHAPTER 10Evaluation ofExternalizing SymptomsEvaluation of Hyperactive and Impulsive BehaviorsAlthough distractibility was traditionally considered th Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2jor depression in females.Evaluation of Externalizing Symptoms241A robust bidirectional overlap occurs between ADHD and major depression, and mania in childhood is a significant predictor for major depression al follow-up for females. An emerging literature also documents a bidirectional association Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2 between ADHD and bipolar disorder in pediatric subjects and adults with ADI ID, as well as in pediatric and adult patients with bipolar disorder (BieEbook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2
derman etal. 2008). Major depression is also associated with an increased risk for anxiety disorders. The comorbidity of ADHD and major depression thuCHAPTER 10Evaluation ofExternalizing SymptomsEvaluation of Hyperactive and Impulsive BehaviorsAlthough distractibility was traditionally considered th Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2ve type of ADHD, the examiner should inquire about the onset of the hyperactivity and impul-sivity Commonly, the origin of these symptoms can be traced to early preschool age. Some mothers report hyperactivity during the child’s gestational or early neonatal life. Parents may complain that these chi Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2ldren were hyperactive, willful, obstinate, or disobedient from an early age, or that they got into everything without any forethought (c.g., they werEbook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2
e frequently moving, never finishing anything they started). Many of these children have no sense of danger and require close and ongoing supervision.CHAPTER 10Evaluation ofExternalizing SymptomsEvaluation of Hyperactive and Impulsive BehaviorsAlthough distractibility was traditionally considered th Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2inate amounts of attention; they lack self-soothing regulatory mechanisms and are prone to intense and prolonged temper tantrums. These tantrums easily escalate into dyscontrol, and when this happens, it takes the child a long time to regain self-control. In severe cases, biorhythm dysregulation may Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2 be present, as evidenced by sleep difficulties.Symptoms of ADI ID are conspicuous in the classroom. Children with ADI ID are distractible and disruptEbook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2
ive. They demonstrate off-task behaviors and are unable to remain seated. They commonly have difficulty completing assignments, and they have problemsCHAPTER 10Evaluation ofExternalizing SymptomsEvaluation of Hyperactive and Impulsive BehaviorsAlthough distractibility was traditionally considered th Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2ilities. Some children with ADI ID develop early comorbidity. Children with the hyperactive-impulsive or combined types have problems with anger control and with affective modulation; these deficits contribute further to their limited social success.Cantwell (1996, p. 982) recommended a comprehensiv Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2e assessment for children and adolescents suspected of having ADHD. This assessment includes the following components:1A comprehensive interview withEbook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2
all parental figures. This interview should be complemented by a developmental, medical, and school history of the child and a social, medical, and meCHAPTER 10Evaluation ofExternalizing SymptomsEvaluation of Hyperactive and Impulsive BehaviorsAlthough distractibility was traditionally considered th Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2ssess his or her view of the signs and symptoms and to screen for comorbidity.3An appropriate medical evaluation to screen for health status and neurological problems.4An appropriate cognitive assessment of ability and achievement.5The use of both broad-spectrum and more narrowly focused (i.e., ADHD Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2-specific) parent and teacher rating scales.6Appropriate adjunct assessments, such as speech and language assessment and evaluation of fine and grossEbook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2
motor function.Because children with the combined type of ADHD require frequent corrective feedback (as a result of their impulsivity), they evolve a CHAPTER 10Evaluation ofExternalizing SymptomsEvaluation of Hyperactive and Impulsive BehaviorsAlthough distractibility was traditionally considered th Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2 poor sense of competence. According to O’Brien (1992), self-esteem difficulties are the core psychological problems for these children. The examiner needs to explore these complications to determine the extent of additional psychopathology to formulate a comprehensive treatment program. The examine Ebook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2r should ask the child to explain the reasons for the psychiatric examination and should help the child to explain, in his or her own words, the naturEbook Psychiatric interview of children and adolescents: Part 2
e and extent of the problems.The examiner should consider the following questions: Does the child display problems with hyperactivity-impulsivity onlyGọi ngay
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