Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2
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Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2
9Testing of Hypotheses I(Parametric or standard Tests of Hypotheses)Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research. Its main Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2n function IS to suggest new experiments and observations. In fact, many experiments are carried out with the deliberate object of testing hypotheses. Decision-makers often face situations wherein they are interested in testing hypotheses on the basis of available information and then take decisions Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2 on the basis of such testing, hl social science, where direct knowledge of population parameter!st is rare, hypothesis testing is the often used straEbook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2
tegy for deciding whether a sample data offer such support for a hypothesis dial generalisation can be made. Thus hypothesis testing enables US to mak9Testing of Hypotheses I(Parametric or standard Tests of Hypotheses)Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research. Its main Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2ood a critical testing. Before we explain how hypotheses are tested through different tests meant for the purpose. It will be appropriate to explain clearly the meaning of a hypothesis and the related concepts for better understanding of the hypothesis testing techniques.WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS?Ordinar Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2ily, when one talks about hypothesis, one simply means a mere assumption or some supposition to be proved or disproved. But for a researcher hypothesiEbook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2
s is a formal question that he intends to resolve. Thus a hypothesis may be defined as a proposition or a set of proposition set forth as an explanati9Testing of Hypotheses I(Parametric or standard Tests of Hypotheses)Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research. Its main Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2as highly probable in the light of established facts. Quite often a research hypothesis IS a predictive statement, capable of being tested by scientific methods, that relates an independent variable to some dependent variable. For example, consider statements like the following ones:"Students who re Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2ceive counselling will show a greater increase in creativity than students not receiving counselling” Or“the automobile J is performing as well as autEbook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2
omobile 2>’.”These arc hypotheses capable of being objectively verified and tested. Thus, we may conclude that a hypothesis states what we are looking9Testing of Hypotheses I(Parametric or standard Tests of Hypotheses)Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research. Its main Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2esis must possess the following characteristics:(i)Hypothesis should be clear and precise. If the hypothesis is not clear and precise, the inferences drawn on its basis cannot be taken as reliable.(ii)Hypothesis should be capable of being tested In a swamp of untestable hypotheses, many a time the r Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2esearch programmes have bogged down. Some prior study may be done by researcher in order to make hypothesis a testable one. A hypothesis "is testableEbook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2
if other deductions can be made from it which in nun. can be confirmed or disproved by observation."1(iii)Hypothesis should state relationship between9Testing of Hypotheses I(Parametric or standard Tests of Hypotheses)Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research. Its main Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2t narrower hypotheses are generally more testable and he should develop such hypotheses.(v)Hypothesis should be stated as far as possible in most simple terms so that the same is easily understandable by all concerned. But one must remember that simplicity of hypothesis has nothing to do with its si Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2gnificance.(vi)Hypothesis should be consistent with most known facts i.e.. it must be consistent with a substantial body of established facts, hl otheEbook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2
r words, it should be one which judges accept as being the most likely.(vii)Hypothesis should be amenable to testing within a reasonable tune. One sho9Testing of Hypotheses I(Parametric or standard Tests of Hypotheses)Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research. Its main Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2(viii)Hypothesis must explain the facts that gave rise to the need for explanation. This means that by using the hypothesis plus other known and accepted generalizations, one should be able to deduce the original problem condition. Ihus hypothesis must actually explain what it claims to explain; It Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2should have empirical reference.EASIC CONCEPTS CONCERNING TESTING OF HYPOTHESESBasic concepts in the context of testing of hypotheses need to be explaEbook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2
ined.(a)Midi hypothesis and alternative hypothesis: In the context of statistical analysis, we often talk about null hypothesis and alternative hypoth9Testing of Hypotheses I(Parametric or standard Tests of Hypotheses)Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research. Its main Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2this assumption is termed as the null hypothesis. As against this, we may think that the method A is superior or the method ĩi is inferior, we arc then stating what is termed as alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis is generally symbolized as H, and the alternative hypothesis as H.. Suppose we Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2 want to test the hypothesis that the population mean (ar) IS equal to the hypothesised mean (*#,) - 100.Then we would say that the null hypothesis isEbook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2
that the population mean is equal to the hypothesised mean l(K) and symbolically we can express as:Hf. = 1001 c. Witham Emory. Business Research Meth9Testing of Hypotheses I(Parametric or standard Tests of Hypotheses)Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research. Its main Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2e conclude rejecting the null hypothesis is known as alternative hypothesis. In other words, the set of alternatives to the null hypothesis is referred to as the alternative hypothesis. If we accept H.. then we are rejecting and if we reject H9. then we are accepting H3. For ỈỈ. : oC - X.ỊỊ" - 100. Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2we may consider three possible alternative hypotheses as follows’:Table 9.1Alternative hypothesisTo he read as followsII,'- **( rhe alternative hypothEbook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2
esis is that the population mean is not equal to 1 (K) Ĩ.C., it may be more or less than 100)IIj ■ or> "it,(1 he alternative hypothesis is that lite p9Testing of Hypotheses I(Parametric or standard Tests of Hypotheses)Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research. Its main Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2ative hypothesis are chosen before the sample is drawn (the researcher must avoid the error of deriving hypotheses ửom the data that he collects and then testing the hypotheses from the same data). In the choice of null hypothesis, the following considerations are usually kept in view:(a)Alternative Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2 hypothesis is usually the one which one wishes to prove and the null hypothesis is the one which one wishes to disprove. Thus, a null hypothesis reprEbook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2
esents the hypothesis we are trying to reject, and alternative hypothesis represents all other possibilities.(b)If the rejection of a certain hypothes9Testing of Hypotheses I(Parametric or standard Tests of Hypotheses)Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research. Its main Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 2e level of significance) which is chosen very small.(c)Null hypothesis should always be specific hypothesis i.e.. it should not state about or approximately a certain value. Ebook Research Methodology - Methods and techniques (2nd edition): Part 29Testing of Hypotheses I(Parametric or standard Tests of Hypotheses)Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research. Its mainGọi ngay
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