Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2
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Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2
46 Tobacco Smoke and Skin Aging*Akimichi MoritaIntroductionAs early as 1971, Daniell (11 found that tobacco smoking has a deleterious effect on the sk Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2kin, and smoker’s wrinkles are the typical clinical features of smokers. A recent epidemiological study has dearly shown that tobacco smoking is one of the numerous factors contributing to premature skin aging, which is dependent on age, sex, pigmentation, sun exposure history, alcohol consumption, Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2and other factors (2—5]. In a further cross section study, sun exposure, pack years of smoking history, and potential confounding variables were assesEbook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2
sed by questionnaire. Facial wrinkles were quantified using the Daniell score. Logistic statistical analysis of the data revealed that age, pack year,46 Tobacco Smoke and Skin Aging*Akimichi MoritaIntroductionAs early as 1971, Daniell (11 found that tobacco smoking has a deleterious effect on the sk Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2 95% CI = 1.72 19.87), and sun exposure (OR = 2.65, 95% Cl = 1.0-7.0) independently contributed to the formation of facial wrinkles, as estimated by a logistic regression analysis model. Using silicone rubber replicas combined with computerized image processing, an objective measurement of skin’s to Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2pography, the association between wrinkle formation and tobacco smoking was investigated. Sixty-three volunteers were enrolled by assessing their skinEbook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2
replicas, in an attempt to elucidate the association between tobacco smoking and wrinkles [7|. The replica analysis showed that the depth (to) and va46 Tobacco Smoke and Skin Aging*Akimichi MoritaIntroductionAs early as 1971, Daniell (11 found that tobacco smoking has a deleterious effect on the sk Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2 (Rl) in subjects with smoking history were significantly lower than in nonsmokers (/’ < 0.05) 17, 8J.Tobacco smoking, which is regarded as an important environmental factor, can potentially cause “tobacco wrinkles” 11 ], although chronic exposure of skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation results in mar Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2ked alterations in the structure and composition of the epidermis and dermis, i.e., photoaging (9—111. In a recent study, tobaccosmoking per se or smoEbook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2
king combined with uv exposure were strong predictors of skin aging [12].Molecular Mechanisms of Tobacco-Induced Skin AgingTobacco smoking probably ex46 Tobacco Smoke and Skin Aging*Akimichi MoritaIntroductionAs early as 1971, Daniell (11 found that tobacco smoking has a deleterious effect on the sk Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2[3,13). The decreased stratum corneum moisture of the face contributes to facial wrinkling because of the direct toxicity of the smoke. Pursing the lips during smoking with contraction of facial muscles and squinting because of the irritating of smoke may cause the formation of wrinkling around the Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2mouth and in the crow’s foot area [14]. The changes in the dermis of macromolecular metabolism have been brought into focus as a major factor leadingEbook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2
to skin aging [15]. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that accumulation of elastosis material is accompanied by the degradation of matrix protein46 Tobacco Smoke and Skin Aging*Akimichi MoritaIntroductionAs early as 1971, Daniell (11 found that tobacco smoking has a deleterious effect on the sk Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2sis, induction of MMPs, abnormal accumulation of elastic fibers, and proteoglycans [16-18].Effects of Tobacco Smoke on Skin Models In VitroThe biosynthesis of new collagen was decreased significantly by tobacco smoke extracts in cultured skin fibroblasts [18]. The studies also showed that the produc Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2tion of both procollagen types 1 and 111, the precursors of collagen, were significantly decreased from the supernatant of cultured fibroblast treatedEbook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2
with tobacco smoke extracts, using Western blot analysis [18]. This result’Originally published as Tobacco Smoke and skin Aging in Halliwell. B.B.. P46 Tobacco Smoke and Skin Aging*Akimichi MoritaIntroductionAs early as 1971, Daniell (11 found that tobacco smoking has a deleterious effect on the sk Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2r, H. I. MaitxKh (eds.), Texftwk of AgingSkin, DOI II). 1007/978-3-540-89656-2_46,o Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 201044STobacco Smoke anơ Skin Agingindicated that the final production of collagen secreted into the medium is reduced, regardless of the rate of collagen synthesis in the cell teste Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2d in 3H-proline incorporation.Although elastic fibers account for only 2-4% of extracellular matrix, these provide elasticity and resilience to normalEbook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2
skin. Tobacco smoke extracts induced the significant increase in tropoelastin mRNA in cultured skin fibroblasts. Accumulation of abnormal clastic mat46 Tobacco Smoke and Skin Aging*Akimichi MoritaIntroductionAs early as 1971, Daniell (11 found that tobacco smoking has a deleterious effect on the sk Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2 could facilitate smokes elastosis of the subjects with an average of 42 pack years of tobacco smoking. In an in vitro study using cultured skin fibroblasts, tobacco smoke extracts induced elevation of tro-poelastin. This might be attributed to premature skin aging.The expressions of MMP-Ì and MMP-3 Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2 mRNA, extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated members of the MMPs gene family, were induced in cultured skin fibroblast stimulated with tobacco smoke eEbook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2
xtracts in a dose-dependent manner [18]. These results support the concept that MMPs are primary mediators of connective tissue damage in skin exposed46 Tobacco Smoke and Skin Aging*Akimichi MoritaIntroductionAs early as 1971, Daniell (11 found that tobacco smoking has a deleterious effect on the sk Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2essions of MMP-l and MMP-3, but not the induction of tissue inhibitor of MMPs, tobacco smoke extracts could alter their ratio in favor of the induction of MMPs and appears to result in a more degradative environment that produces loss of cutaneous collagen [18], In addition, MMPs comprise a family o Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2f degradative enzymes, which are responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix components such as native collagen, elastin fibers, and varioEbook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2
us proteoglycans. MM P-3 and MM P-7 may play a key role in the degradation of elastin and proteoglycans [22|. MMP-7 was increased in fibroblasts induc46 Tobacco Smoke and Skin Aging*Akimichi MoritaIntroductionAs early as 1971, Daniell (11 found that tobacco smoking has a deleterious effect on the sk Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2kin of smokers, compared with nonsmokers, using quantitative real-time PCR [23]. rhe elevated enzyme should lead to the degradation of collagen, elastic fibers, and proteoglycans. Therefore, the observations in dermal connective tissue induced by the treatments of tobacco suggested an imbalance betw Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2een the biosynthesis and degradation, with less repair capacity on the face of the ongoing degradation.which leads to the loss of collagen and elasticEbook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2
fibers, manifesting clinically as aging appearance of skin.Although staining of skin specimen and biochemical analysis of photodamaged skin demonstra46 Tobacco Smoke and Skin Aging*Akimichi MoritaIntroductionAs early as 1971, Daniell (11 found that tobacco smoking has a deleterious effect on the sk Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2lfate (CS) proteoglycan, has been identified in the dermis in association with elastic fibers, which contain a hyaluronic acid-binding domain. The core protein has been postulated to play a role in molecular interactions and specifically, to facilitate the binding of these macromolecules to other ma Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2trix components or cytokines such as transforming growth factor (TGF) [24]. Decorin, a small cs proteoglycan, has been shown to codistribute with collEbook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2
agen fibers and postulated to function in cell recognition, possible by connecting extracellular matrix components and cell surface glycoproteins [25]46 Tobacco Smoke and Skin Aging*Akimichi MoritaIntroductionAs early as 1971, Daniell (11 found that tobacco smoking has a deleterious effect on the sk Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2he proportion of large cs proteoglycan (versican) and a concomitant increase in the proportion of small dermatan sulfate proteoglycan (decorin) as a function of age as reported by Carrino et al. [27]. Ito Ct al. [28] also observed that vcrsican was stained strongly in young rats and faintly in old r Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2ats. On the other hand, decorin was faintly stained in the young rats and distinctly stained in the old rats. There were several reports concerning thEbook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2
e changes of proteoglycans on photoaging, especially UVB irradiation [29, 30]. The analysis of new synthesized proteoglycans showed a marked increase 46 Tobacco Smoke and Skin Aging*Akimichi MoritaIntroductionAs early as 1971, Daniell (11 found that tobacco smoking has a deleterious effect on the sk Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2e expression [29]. Tobacco smoke extracts decreased both vcrsican protein and mRNA levels in cultured akin fibroblasts. However, tobacco smoke extract exposure resulted in a significant increase of decorin. These results are similar to those observed in photoaging.Based on experimental evidence, a w Ebook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2orking model for UVA damage skin was proposed, in which uv irradiation gene expression was mediated via the generation of singlet oxygen through a patEbook Textbook of aging skin: Part 2
hway involving activation of transcription factor AP-2 110]. In order to define whether the reactive oxygen species (ROS) were involved in upregulatioGọi ngay
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