16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoa
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16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoa
________CHAPTER 1______DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS, REGULATIONS, AND GOALSFrederick w. Pontius, P.E.American Water Works Association Denver, Colo 16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoaoradoStephen w. ClarkU.S Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC.The principal law governing drinking water safety in the United Stales is the Safe Drinking Waler Act (SDWA). Enacted initially in 1974 (SDWA, 1974). the SDWA authorizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to establi 16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoash comprehensive national drinking water regulations to ensure drinking water safety. The history and status of U.S. drinking water regulations and th16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoa
e SDWA are presented in this chapter. International standards for drinking water are also discussed briefly.Drinking water regulations are issued by a________CHAPTER 1______DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS, REGULATIONS, AND GOALSFrederick w. Pontius, P.E.American Water Works Association Denver, Colo 16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoaies to meet specified waler quality standards. Regulations also require that certain monitoring be conducted, that specified treatment be applied, and that the supplier submit reports to document that the regulations arc being met.To ensure that water quality regulations are not violated, a water su 16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoapplier usually must produce water of a higher quality than the standard or regulation would demand. Hence, each waler supplier must establish and meet16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoa
its own waler quality goals to ensure that applicable water quality regulations are met and that the highest-qualily 11 -it nrwti hlr* IK hvirìir Í l________CHAPTER 1______DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS, REGULATIONS, AND GOALSFrederick w. Pontius, P.E.American Water Works Association Denver, Colo 16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoa Standards by YearYearRegulationIncremental no. OỈ contaminants regulatedTotal no. ol contaminants regulated*Total no. required by 1986 SDWA amendments'Reference1975NlPDWRs1818—USEPA. 1975b1976Interim radionuclides422—USEPA. 1976a1979Interim 1THMS123—USEPA. 1979b1986Revised fluoride023—USEPA. 1986a1 16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoa987Volatile organic chemicals.83131USEPA. 1987a1988—03162—1989Surface Water Treatment Rule and Total Coliform Rule43596USEPA. 19S9H.C1991Phase II SOCs16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoa
and I DCs and lead and copper2762111USEPA. 1991a.b.c.d1992Phase V SOCs and IOCS2284111USEPA. 1992c1993—084111—1994—084136—1995—084136—1996Information ________CHAPTER 1______DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS, REGULATIONS, AND GOALSFrederick w. Pontius, P.E.American Water Works Association Denver, Colo 16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoa Enhanced192—USEPA. 1998hSurface Waler Treatment Rule* NPDWRs k>! sorin' contaminant* have been slaved, remanded,or revised. ' Cumulative total at the time UÍ piomulgaliun.Severe resource constraints made it increasingly difficult for many states to effectively carry out the monitoring, enforcement, 16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoa and other mandatory activities to retain primacy. However, state funding needs represent only a fraction of the expenditures that public water system16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoa
s must make to comply with SDWA requirements (USEPA. 1993a). Results of a survey released in 1993 by the Association of State Drinking Water Administr________CHAPTER 1______DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS, REGULATIONS, AND GOALSFrederick w. Pontius, P.E.American Water Works Association Denver, Colo 16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoa5 states (ASDWA. 1993).In late March and early April of 1993. the largest waterborne disease outbreak in the United Stales in recent times occurred in Milwaukee, Wisconsin,drawing national attention to the importance of sale drinking waler. More than 400.000 people in Milwaukee were reported to have 16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoa developed symptomatic gastrointestinal infections as a consequence of exposure to drinking water contaminated with Cryptosporidium (Mackenzie Ct al..16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoa
1994). More than 4000 people were hospitalized, and cryptosporid-i.-wif1 lx.1tin.l 1 Í ¥1 zldnt lx. A.tnrrii- .->t .1 1 OU/.' Uzxvi.1 t ‘11 I OUT VDR________CHAPTER 1______DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS, REGULATIONS, AND GOALSFrederick w. Pontius, P.E.American Water Works Association Denver, Colo 16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoa ensure that another outbreak of this magnitude would not occur.Discussion of SDWA rvauthonzation issues was intense throughout the 103rd and 104th Congresses. Environmental groups, water supplier representatives, USEPA, state regulatory agencies, governors, and elected officials contended with diff 16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoaerences of opinion over how the SDWA should be changed. Unfunded federal mandates are of particular concern to state and local elected officials. Thes16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoa
e are laws passed by the U.S. Congress imposing requirements on state and local governments wiihout providing adequate federal funds to implement thos________CHAPTER 1______DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS, REGULATIONS, AND GOALSFrederick w. Pontius, P.E.American Water Works Association Denver, Colo 16593 01 tủ tài liệu bách khoaial resources.caused many groups to pressure Congress for relief.________CHAPTER 1______DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS, REGULATIONS, AND GOALSFrederick w. Pontius, P.E.American Water Works Association Denver, ColoGọi ngay
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