Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay
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Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay
CHAPTER 1 PASSIVE VISION AND ACTIVE VISION1.1IntroductionA Martian ethologist observing humans using their visual systems would almost certainly inclu Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlayude in their report back: "they move these small globes around a lot and that's how they see*.The starling point for this book is an acceptance of the premise of that ethologist. We believe that movements of the eyeballs are a fundamental feature of vision. This viewpoint is not widely current. Many Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay texts on vision do not even mention that the eye can move. In this chapter, we try to outline the reasons why most work on vision pays so little atteActive vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay
ntion to the mobility of the eyes and set out how we feel this balance should be redressed.1.2Passive visionThe understanding of vision must stand as CHAPTER 1 PASSIVE VISION AND ACTIVE VISION1.1IntroductionA Martian ethologist observing humans using their visual systems would almost certainly inclu Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlaysible to see how such progress could have been made without contributions from psychophysics, mathematics, physiology- and computer science. A thumbnail caricature might look as follows.Science thrives on precise and reproducible results and psychophysics has provided a key methodology for obtaining Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay such results in the area of human vision. Many of Its methods are based on determining thresholds. One favoured way to study perception at the threshActive vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay
old is to limit display duration. This, by preventing eye movements, also ensures that a precisely specified stimulation is presented on the retina. VCHAPTER 1 PASSIVE VISION AND ACTIVE VISION1.1IntroductionA Martian ethologist observing humans using their visual systems would almost certainly inclu Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlaytion widely used in visual studies IS based on Fourier analysis. With Fourier analysis any image can be redescribed by a series of sine wave patterns. Alongside this physiologists have investigated single cells, initially in anaesthetised animals, whose properties and patterns of connectivity can al Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlayso be described precisely. For its part Computer Science incorporates these insights into attempts to produce machine architectures that could simulatActive vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay
e human visual processes. These take as their starting point a static image and attempt to process it with a series of mathematically tractable algoriCHAPTER 1 PASSIVE VISION AND ACTIVE VISION1.1IntroductionA Martian ethologist observing humans using their visual systems would almost certainly inclu Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlayation in the head.We feel sure our readers will recognise this account which we shall term passive vision. It IS the approach that David Marr explicitly advocated (Marr, 1982) and many others subscribe to. It has led to a thriving research field that has been dominant in visual science in recent yea Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlayrs. The passive approach is plausible for two reasons. First, it is undeniable that parallel processing mechanisms deliver a wealth of information inActive vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay
an immediate way to our awareness. This is confirmed by numerous experiments that use very brief exposures and. although these tachistoscopic methods CHAPTER 1 PASSIVE VISION AND ACTIVE VISION1.1IntroductionA Martian ethologist observing humans using their visual systems would almost certainly inclu Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlayxposure will allow recognition of one or two individual simple objects or words and1will frequently pennit the identification of a face. Such a brief glimpse also pennits the extraction of a certain amount of ’gist* information from a natural scene (Chapter 7). We believe the plausibility of the pas Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlaysive vision approach also comes about because of a second, much less sustainable, reason. We have the subjective impression of an immediate, full detaActive vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay
il, pictorial view of the world. We are prone to forget that this impression is. in a veiy real sense, an illusion. However, this detail is not availaCHAPTER 1 PASSIVE VISION AND ACTIVE VISION1.1IntroductionA Martian ethologist observing humans using their visual systems would almost certainly inclu Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay and can be obtained at any location by directing our eyes there. The illusion is created through our incredible ability to direct our eyes effortlessly to any desired location.The passive vision approach has been successful, but nonetheless we believe It is inadequate in a variety of ways. We sugge Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlayst that the most serious of these is the assumption that the main purpose of vision is to form a mental representation. The assumption, in its crudestActive vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay
form, appears to consider that the internal mental representation of the world is a ’processed* representation of the retinal image. The idea of a meCHAPTER 1 PASSIVE VISION AND ACTIVE VISION1.1IntroductionA Martian ethologist observing humans using their visual systems would almost certainly inclu Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlayAnother major weakness of the passive vision approach is that it generally appears to regard the inhomogeneity of the retina and visual projections as rather incidental - often a nuisance because it complicates the mathematics - rather than, as we shall maintain, probably the most fundamental featur Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlaye of the architecture of the visual system.Certain perplexing problems emerge as a direct consequence of using a passive vision approach. These have oActive vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay
ften appeared to be the most difficult ones to envisage a solution. One immediate issue concerns the vast amount of neural machinery that would be reqCHAPTER 1 PASSIVE VISION AND ACTIVE VISION1.1IntroductionA Martian ethologist observing humans using their visual systems would almost certainly inclu Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlayther questions. The first problem concerns how the supposed internal representation produced by passive vision might be maintained when the eyes are moved. This issue, tratts-saccadic integration, becomes more acute as the amount of information assigned to the mental representation is increased. A p Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlayrocess ■compensating’ for the movement of the eyes is frequently invoked, at least in textbooks of vision. Integration of information across saccadicActive vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay
eye movements undoubtedly occurs, as we shall discuss in Chapters 5, 7 and 9. However it is not ‘compensatory* and is on a much more limited scale thaCHAPTER 1 PASSIVE VISION AND ACTIVE VISION1.1IntroductionA Martian ethologist observing humans using their visual systems would almost certainly inclu Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlayenerally recognised to be analytic, delivering information about the local presence of a particular visual feature, such as a red colour or a horizontal orientation. The binding problem is the problem of integrating these features in a veridical way, so that when a red horizontal line and a blue ver Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlaytical line are presented together, the perception is of this combination rather than blue horizontal and red vertical. Solutions offered to the bindinActive vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay
g problem from passive vision workers have generally involved the concept of visual attention. As we discuss in the next section, active vision requirCHAPTER 1 PASSIVE VISION AND ACTIVE VISION1.1IntroductionA Martian ethologist observing humans using their visual systems would almost certainly inclu Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlayention, traditionally, when the term is used in relation to perception, attention implies selectivity. Attention is the preferential processing of some items to the detriment of others. Traditionally also, selection of a iocarion where attention is directed is important, although this is not the onl Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlayy way in which selectivity can occur. Allcnlional selection of a region of visual space can be made in two distinct ways. We say that something ‘catchActive vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay
es our eye’ when we orient and look al it. We can. however, also look at one thing and Ise attending to another, Overt (iiKmiion is the term we will uCHAPTER 1 PASSIVE VISION AND ACTIVE VISION1.1IntroductionA Martian ethologist observing humans using their visual systems would almost certainly inclu Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlayg out of the corner of the eye.The past two decades have seen an intensive investigation into die properties of covert attention (for summaries, see Pashler. 1998, Styles, 1997, Wright. 1998). We shall make frequent reference to many important findings in the following pages. Taking an overall persp Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlayective, however, we are concerned that much of this work has failed to escape the pitfalls that we have noted in our discussion of passive vision. TheActive vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay
uniform mental image view lurking within passive vision is often accepted uncritically and covert attention is seen as a ‘mental spotlight' that can CHAPTER 1 PASSIVE VISION AND ACTIVE VISION1.1IntroductionA Martian ethologist observing humans using their visual systems would almost certainly inclu Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlaye fovea (nonhomogeneous visual field representation and lateral masking as described in Chapter 2). We have no wish to deny that much experimental work studying covert visual attention has been ingenious, thorough and illuminating. Our criticism is rather directed to the assumption, often held impli Active vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlaycitly, that covert attention forms the main means of attentional selection and that the findings of passive vision, together with an account of covertActive vision the psychology of looking and seeing john m findlay
attention, might integrate to give a complete and coherent picture of visual perception.For many workers, the cognitive processes of covert attentionGọi ngay
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