Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)
Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)
Running Head. Language and sequential learning ERPsSimilar Neural Correlates for Language and Sequential Learning:Evidence from Event-Related Brain Po Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)otentialsMorten H. ChristiansenCornell UniversityChristopher M. ConwaySaint Louis UniversityLuca OnnisUniversity of HawaiiMarell. 2011Address for correspondence:Morten H Cluistiansen Department of Psychology Uns HallCornell University'Ithaca. NY 14853E-mail: cliristiansen@comell.eduPhone: (607) 255- Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)3834 (dept) Fax: (607) 255-8433No. of words: 9.548Keywords: Event-Related Potentials (ERP): Sequential Learning: Implicit Learning; Language ProcessinSimilar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)
g; Prediction: P600. LANAbstractWe used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the time course and distribution of brain activity while adultsRunning Head. Language and sequential learning ERPsSimilar Neural Correlates for Language and Sequential Learning:Evidence from Event-Related Brain Po Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2) the P600 effect, typically linked to difficult or ungrammatical syntactic processing, was foiuid for structural incongruencies in both sequential learning as well as natural language, and with similar topographical distributions. Additionally, a left anterior negativity (LAN) was observed for langu Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)age but not for sequential learning. These results are interpreted as an indication that the P600 provides an index of violations and the cost of inteSimilar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)
gration of expectations for upcoming material when processing complex sequential structure. We conclude that the same neural mechanisms may be recruitRunning Head. Language and sequential learning ERPsSimilar Neural Correlates for Language and Sequential Learning:Evidence from Event-Related Brain Po Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)n cognition and behavior relies on the ability to make implicit predictions about upcoming events (Barr, 2007). Being able to predict timue events is advantageous because It allows the brain to “pre-engage" appropriate sensory' or cognitive processes to facilitate upcoming processing. That is, when Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)generating a prediction of what will occur next, the brain activates those neural regions dial process die specific type of information expected to beSimilar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)
encountered (Barr, 2007). For example, observing rhe actions of two agents engaging in predictable behaviors enhances visual perception of those agenRunning Head. Language and sequential learning ERPsSimilar Neural Correlates for Language and Sequential Learning:Evidence from Event-Related Brain Po Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)vating potentially relevant neural or cognitive processes.Prediction and expectation are clearly important in the realm of language processing For written language, analysis of eye movements shows that predictable words are fixated upon for a much shorter duration or even skipped altogether (e g.. R Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)ayner & Well. 1999). allowing for quicker and more efficient reading comprehension. Spoken language comprehension, too. is remarkably fast and effortlSimilar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)
ess because of its reliance on predictions. Experimental evidence shows that the human language system not only makes ongoing, continuous incremental Running Head. Language and sequential learning ERPsSimilar Neural Correlates for Language and Sequential Learning:Evidence from Event-Related Brain Po Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)s, such as event-related potentials (F.RP) (Federmeier. 2007; Kamide. 2008). The brain actively gathers whatever information is available, even if incomplete, to generate implicit predictions about what w ill be said next (van Berkiim. 2008). Tn general, such anticipations will result in a processin Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)g benefit: however, there is also an associated cost: if the prediction turns out to be wrong, extra resources may be required to "repair" rhe incorreSimilar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)
ct commitment (Kamide, 2008).Just how does the brain know what to expect? Ban (2007) argued that memory for associations, gained tluough a lifetime ofRunning Head. Language and sequential learning ERPsSimilar Neural Correlates for Language and Sequential Learning:Evidence from Event-Related Brain Po Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2) learning appears to be ubiquitous in cognition—ranging from perceptual patterns and motor sequences to linguistic structure and social constructs—and typically occurs without deliberate effort or apparent awareness of what is being learned (for reviews, see Cleeremans. Destrebecqz & Boyer. 1998: Cl Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)egg. DiGirolamo & Keele, 1998: Ferguson & Bargli. 2004; Pemichet & Pacton. 2006). Via such implicit learning, the brain can learn about the trends andSimilar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)
invariances in the environment to help it anticipate upcoming events.A key component of implicit learning involves the extraction and further processRunning Head. Language and sequential learning ERPsSimilar Neural Correlates for Language and Sequential Learning:Evidence from Event-Related Brain Po Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)ty of language-like learning situations, including when segmenting speech (OlUlis. Waterfall. & Edelman. 2008: Saffian. Ashn. & Newport. 1996). detecting the orthographic (Pacton. Pemichet. Fayol. & Cleeremans. 2001) and phonotactic (Chambers. Onishi, & Fisher. 2003) regularities of words, constrain Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)ing speech production errors (Dell. Reed. Adams. & Meyer. 2000). discovering complex word-internal structure between nonadjacent elements (Newport & ASimilar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)
slin. 2004). acquit ing gender-like morphological systems (Brooks et al.. 1993: Frigo & McDonald. 1998). locating syntactic phrase boundaries (ChillisRunning Head. Language and sequential learning ERPsSimilar Neural Correlates for Language and Sequential Learning:Evidence from Event-Related Brain Po Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)d morphological cues in the learning of phrase structure (Morgan. Meier. & Newport, 1987). and1 Findings relating to sequential learning arc variously published under different headings such as “statistical learning"’, “artificial language loaming", or "artificial grammar learning", largely for hist Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)orical reasons. However, as we see these studies as relating to the same underlying implicit learning mechanisms (Conway & Cluistiansen. 2006: PetruchSimilar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)
et & Pacton. 2006), we prefer the term 'sequential learning' as it highlights the sequential nature of the stimuli and Its potential relevance to langRunning Head. Language and sequential learning ERPsSimilar Neural Correlates for Language and Sequential Learning:Evidence from Event-Related Brain Po Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2) learning has been found with as little as 2 minutes of exposiue (Saffian et al.. 1996) and when learners are not explicitly focused on learning the structure of the stimuli (Saffian et al.. 1997; though see also Toro. Sinnett & Soto-Faraco. 2005; Turk-Browne. Junge. & Scholl. 2005).Sequential learn Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)ing has also been demonstrated in non-language domains, including visual processing (Fiser & Aslin. 2002). visuomotor learning (Hunt & Ashn. 2001). taSimilar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)
ctile sequence learning (Conway & Cluistiansen. 2005). and lion-linguistic. auditory processing (Saffian. Johnson. Ashn & Newport. 1999). In general, Running Head. Language and sequential learning ERPsSimilar Neural Correlates for Language and Sequential Learning:Evidence from Event-Related Brain Po Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)hnson. 1994; Satlian et al., 1996; Stadler. 1992). It is even present m non-human primates (e g.. Heimbauer et al.. 2010) but in a more limited form (see Conway & Christiansen. 2001. for a review).A key question 111 the sequential learning literature pertains to exactly what It is that participants Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)learn in these experiments. Originally, based on Reber’s (1967) artificial grammar learning (AGL) work. It was suggested that participants acquire absSimilar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)
tract knowledge of the rules underlying the grammar used to generate the training items. More recent research has increasingly sought to explain sequeRunning Head. Language and sequential learning ERPsSimilar Neural Correlates for Language and Sequential Learning:Evidence from Event-Related Brain Po Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2) chunks (e.g., Johnstone & Shanks. 1999; Knowlton & Squire, 1994; Redington & Cliater. 1996). conditional probabilities between elements (e.g.. Aslin. Saffian & Newport. 1998: Fiser & Aslin. 2002). or overall exemplar similarity (Pothos & Bailey. 2000: Vokey & Brooks. 1992). Nonetheless, it has been Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2) suggested that such surface-based learning mechanisms on their ownare unable to accommodate certain types of rule-like generalizations, and must therSimilar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)
efore be supplemented with separate mechanisms for abstract rule learning (eg., Marcus. Vijayan. Bandi Rao & Vishton. 1999: Meulemans & Van del LindenRunning Head. Language and sequential learning ERPsSimilar Neural Correlates for Language and Sequential Learning:Evidence from Event-Related Brain Po Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)le associative mechanism may suffice for learning both surface regularities and rulelike generalizations (e.g., Altmann & Dienes. 1999: Christiansen. Conway & Curtin. 2000: Redington & Clutter, 1996; Seidenberg & Elman. 1999). Thus, although sequential learning accoruits relying exclusively on abstr Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)act, rule-based knowledge no longer have much theoretical support, the exact nature of what is learned is still under debate (see Perruchet & Pacton.Similar neural correlates for language and sequential learning evidence from event related brain potentials (2)
2006; Pothos. 2007. for recent reviews). Wliat is important for the purpose of the cunent paper, however, is that sequential learning provides a domaiGọi ngay
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