Social media and protect participant evidence from russia
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Social media and protect participant evidence from russia
Social Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia*Ruben Enikolopova‘b,c,d. Alexey Makarinc, and Maria Petrovaa,b,c,d;|ICRE A-Barcelona Inst Social media and protect participant evidence from russia titute of Political Economy and Governance bL’niversitat Pompeu Fabrac Barcelona Graduate School of Economics dNcw Economic Schoo), Moscow‘■'Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance (E1EF)43770AbstractDo new communication technologies, such as social media, alleviate the collective action problem Social media and protect participant evidence from russia ? This paper provides evidence that penetration of VK. the dominant Russian online social network. led to more protest activity during a wave of proteSocial media and protect participant evidence from russia
sts in Russia in 2011. As a source of exogenous variation in network penetration, we use the information on the city of origin of the students who stuSocial Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia*Ruben Enikolopova‘b,c,d. Alexey Makarinc, and Maria Petrovaa,b,c,d;|ICRE A-Barcelona Inst Social media and protect participant evidence from russia find that a 10% increase in VK penetration increased the probability of a protest by 4.6% and the number of protesters by 19%. Additional results suggest that social media induced protest activity by reducing the costs of coordination rather than by spreading information critical of the government. Social media and protect participant evidence from russia We observe that VK penetration increased pm-governmental support, with no evidence of increased polarization. We also find that cities with higher fraSocial media and protect participant evidence from russia
ctionalization of network users between VK and Facebook experienced fewer protests, and the effect of VK on protests exhibits threshold behavior.* We Social Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia*Ruben Enikolopova‘b,c,d. Alexey Makarinc, and Maria Petrovaa,b,c,d;|ICRE A-Barcelona Inst Social media and protect participant evidence from russia atalya Naumenko, and Alexey Romanov for invaluable help with data collection, and to Tatiana Tsygankova and Anikei Panjwani for editorial help in preparing the manuscript. We thank the Center for the Study of New Media and Society for financial and organizational support. Ruben Enikolopov and Maria Social media and protect participant evidence from russia Petrova acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Grant BFU20I1-12345) and the Ministry of Education andSocial media and protect participant evidence from russia
Science of the Russian Federation (Grant No. I4.U04.31.0002). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the EuSocial Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia*Ruben Enikolopova‘b,c,d. Alexey Makarinc, and Maria Petrovaa,b,c,d;|ICRE A-Barcelona Inst Social media and protect participant evidence from russia Matt Gcntzkow. Sam Greene. Kosukc Imai. Kiraho Jackson. Vasily Korovkin. John Londrcgan. Eliana La Ferrara. Monica Martinez-Bravo, Sam Norris. Ricardo Perez-Truglia. Gautam Rao, Tom Romer, Jake Shapiro. Jesse Shapiro, Gaurav Sood. Erik Snowberg. David Sừồmberg, Adam Szeidl, Josh Tucker. Glen Weyl. Social media and protect participant evidence from russia Noam Yuchtman, Katia Zhuravskaya. and seminar participants at Aix-Marseille School of Economics. BGSE Summer Forum. Berkeley Haas. BCCP. Bocconi. CambSocial media and protect participant evidence from russia
ridge INET. Carlos III. CEMFI. CEU. Chicago Harris. CREI. EJEF. Hebrew. Hcrtie School of Government. Harvard. Higher School of Economics. HKL’ST. IBEISocial Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia*Ruben Enikolopova‘b,c,d. Alexey Makarinc, and Maria Petrovaa,b,c,d;|ICRE A-Barcelona Inst Social media and protect participant evidence from russia nomics. Princeton, Rice. Science Po. SITE Stockholm, Stanford. Trinity College Dublin. University of Helsinki, University of Macau. UPF. L'W-Madison. NBER Digitization and Political Economy Meetings. 11th Workshop in Media Economics in Tel Aviv, 6th Workshop in Applied Economics in Pctralia. SM.1PP Social media and protect participant evidence from russia 2013 at NYU Florence. Political Economy Conference in Vancouver. NEL'DC 2016 at MIT. Michigan State University Development Day. SIOE 2016, MPSA 2016,Social media and protect participant evidence from russia
Conference on Culture. Diversity and Development at NES Moscow. BEROC. 4th European Meeting on Networks, and CPEC 2018 for helpful discussions.1ElectrSocial Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia*Ruben Enikolopova‘b,c,d. Alexey Makarinc, and Maria Petrovaa,b,c,d;|ICRE A-Barcelona Inst Social media and protect participant evidence from russia ers to achieving socially beneficial outcomes (c.g.. Olson. 1965: Hardin. 1982: Ostrom. 1990). In addition to the classic issue of free-riding, a group’s ability to overcome a collective action problem depends on their information environment and their ability to communicate with one another. New ho Social media and protect participant evidence from russia rizontal information exchange technologies, such as Facebook and Twitter, allow users to converse directly without intermediaries at a very low cost,Social media and protect participant evidence from russia
thus potentially enhancing the spread of information and weakening the obstacles to coordination. So far. there has been no systematic evidence on wheSocial Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia*Ruben Enikolopova‘b,c,d. Alexey Makarinc, and Maria Petrovaa,b,c,d;|ICRE A-Barcelona Inst Social media and protect participant evidence from russia ost popular online social network in Russia had on a particular type of collective action — political protests.The rise of social media in the beginning of the 2010s coincided w ith waves of political protests around the world. But did social media play any role in inducing political participation, Social media and protect participant evidence from russia i.e.. by inciting the protests, or did its content merely reflect the preferences of the population?1 Recent theoretical works argue that social mediaSocial media and protect participant evidence from russia
is likely to promote political protests (Edmond. 2013: Little. 2016: Barbera and Jackson. 2016). However, testing this hypothesis empirically is methSocial Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia*Ruben Enikolopova‘b,c,d. Alexey Makarinc, and Maria Petrovaa,b,c,d;|ICRE A-Barcelona Inst Social media and protect participant evidence from russia typically concentrated in one or a few primary locations, as was the case for Tahrir Square in Egypt or Maidan in Ukraine. Hence, geographic variation in protests is often very limited. Temporal variation in protest intensity can provide evidence on the association between the activity and the cont Social media and protect participant evidence from russia ent on social media and subsequent protests (Acemoglu. Hassan, and Tahoun. 2017)? but not on the causal impact of social media availability.To understSocial media and protect participant evidence from russia
and whether social media can indeed promote protest participation, we study an unexpected wave of political protests in Russia in December 2011 triggeSocial Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia*Ruben Enikolopova‘b,c,d. Alexey Makarinc, and Maria Petrovaa,b,c,d;|ICRE A-Barcelona Inst Social media and protect participant evidence from russia setting allows US to overcome the limitations of previous studies for two reasons. First, there was substantial geographic and temporal variation in both protest activities and the penetration of the major online social networks across Russian cities. For example, among the 625 cities in our sample Social media and protect participant evidence from russia . 133 witnessed at least one protest demonstration on December 10-11.1 While not based on systematic empirical evidence, previous popular and academicSocial media and protect participant evidence from russia
literature disagreed even about the direction of the potential effect of social media on protests. Some have argued that the effect must be positive,Social Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia*Ruben Enikolopova‘b,c,d. Alexey Makarinc, and Maria Petrovaa,b,c,d;|ICRE A-Barcelona Inst Social media and protect participant evidence from russia he international visibility of protests (Aday et al.. 2010). Others, however, have noted that social media is either irrelevant or even helps to sustain authoritarian regimes by crowding out offline actions (Gladwell. 2010). allowing governments to better monitor and control dissent (Morozov. 2011). Social media and protect participant evidence from russia and spread misinformation (Esfandiari. 2010).•Sec also Hassanpour (2014) and Tufckci and W ilson (2012) for survey-based evidence on temporal variatiSocial media and protect participant evidence from russia
on in protests in Egypt.7Electronic copy available at. https.//ssm.com/abstract=26962362011. the first weekend after the elections. Second, particularSocial Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia*Ruben Enikolopova‘b,c,d. Alexey Makarinc, and Maria Petrovaa,b,c,d;|ICRE A-Barcelona Inst Social media and protect participant evidence from russia f this platform across cities and ultimately identify the causal effect of social media penetration on political protests.Our identification is based on the information about the early stages of VK’s development. VK was launched by Pavel Durov in October 2006. the same year he graduated from Saint P Social media and protect participant evidence from russia etersburg Stale University (SPbSL). Upon VK's creation. Durov issued an open invitation on an SPbSU online forum for students to apply for membershipSocial media and protect participant evidence from russia
on VK. Interested students then requested access lo VK. and Durov personally approved each account. Thus, the first users of the network were primarilSocial Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia*Ruben Enikolopova‘b,c,d. Alexey Makarinc, and Maria Petrovaa,b,c,d;|ICRE A-Barcelona Inst Social media and protect participant evidence from russia ome towns more likely to open an account, which sped up the development of VK in those locations. Xetwork externalities magnified these effects and. as a result, the distribution of the home cities of Durov’s classmates had a long-lasting effect on VK penetration. In particular, we find that the dis Social media and protect participant evidence from russia tribution of the home cities of the students who studied at SPbSU at the same time as Durov predicts the penetration of VK across cities in 2011. wherSocial media and protect participant evidence from russia
eas the distribution of the home cities of the students who studied at SPbSU several years earlier or later does not.Wc exploit this feature of VK devGọi ngay
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