History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers
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History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers
ToNNQGPrepared for theAustralia June 29NNDCHistory of the Origin of the Chemical ElemeLast Updated: March 12Norman E. HoldenNational Nuclear Data c Br History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverersrookhaven National Lab Lipton, New York 11973USAINTRODUCTIONWhat do we mean by a chemical element? A chemical element is matter, all of whose atoms are alike In having the same positive charge on tire nucleus and the same number of extra-nuclear electrons. As we shall see in the following elemental History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverersreview, the origin of the chemical elements show a wide diversity with some of these elements having an origin In antiquity. Other elements having beeHistory of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers
n discovered within the past few hundred years and still Others have been synthesized within the past fifty years via nuclear reactions on heavy elemeToNNQGPrepared for theAustralia June 29NNDCHistory of the Origin of the Chemical ElemeLast Updated: March 12Norman E. HoldenNational Nuclear Data c Br History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discovererss including mythological concepts Of characters; places, areas or countries; properties of the element Of its compounds, such as color, smell or its inability to combine: and the names of scientists. There are also some miscellaneous names as well as some obscure names tor particular elements.The oa History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discovererssis tor the claim of discovery of an element has varied over the centuries. The method of discovery of the chemical elements in the late eighteenth anHistory of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers
d the early nineteenth centuries used the properties of the new substances, their separability, the colors of their compounds, the shapes of their cryToNNQGPrepared for theAustralia June 29NNDCHistory of the Origin of the Chemical ElemeLast Updated: March 12Norman E. HoldenNational Nuclear Data c Br History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discovererspectral analysis that would later be supplied by arc, spark, absorption, phosphorescent or x-ray spectra. Also in those days, there were many claims, e.g.. the discovery of certain rare earth elements of the lanthanide series, which involved the discovery Df a mineral ore, from which an element was History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discovererslater extracted. The honor of discovery has often been accorded not to the person who first isolated the element but to the person who discovered theHistory of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers
original mineral itself, even when the ore was impure and that ore actually contained many elements. The reason for this is (hat in (he case of these ToNNQGPrepared for theAustralia June 29NNDCHistory of the Origin of the Chemical ElemeLast Updated: March 12Norman E. HoldenNational Nuclear Data c Br History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers until(he English chemist Humphry Davy showed that earths were compounds of oxygen and metals in 1B08Although the atomic weight of an element and Spectral analysis of that element were not available in die early days, both of these elemental properties would be required before discovery' of die elem History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverersent would be accepted by the latter part Df the nineteenth century. In general, the requirements for discovery claims have lightened through the yearsHistory of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers
and claims that were previously accepted would no longer meet the minimum constraints now imposed. There are also cases where (he honor of discovery ToNNQGPrepared for theAustralia June 29NNDCHistory of the Origin of the Chemical ElemeLast Updated: March 12Norman E. HoldenNational Nuclear Data c Br History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverersayed, the discoverer has often historically been "scooped"by anoiher scientist.This leads to the question of who Should be considered the ultimate discoverer of a chemical element? Should it be the first person to describe the initial properties, the one who found the oxide or the metal, the one who History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers separated the element ot the first one to publish their results? on the matter of publication, the Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius published anHistory of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers
annual review (equivalent 10 our present abstract service) during the early nineteenth century. Berzelius usually Cited articles published in other joToNNQGPrepared for theAustralia June 29NNDCHistory of the Origin of the Chemical ElemeLast Updated: March 12Norman E. HoldenNational Nuclear Data c Br History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverersve early credit for work that Mosander chose not to formally publish until many years later after hehad wonted out all of the details, in die element review, we Shall see that the answer to the above questions would be any of the above criteria could qualify tor discovery of particular elements.DETE History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their DiscoverersRMINING THE NAMES OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTSNames of the chemical elements are determined by the acceptance of the chemical community, the priority righHistory of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers
ts of the discoverer not withstanding. We shall see longstanding disputes among a number of elements. For some of these elements, this involved both nToNNQGPrepared for theAustralia June 29NNDCHistory of the Origin of the Chemical ElemeLast Updated: March 12Norman E. HoldenNational Nuclear Data c Br History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers.At the beginning of die twentieth century, the international Committee on Atomic weightsToNNQGPrepared for theAustralia June 29NNDCHistory of the Origin of the Chemical ElemeLast Updated: March 12Norman E. HoldenNational Nuclear Data c BrGọi ngay
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