REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7
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REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7
Chapter 4: Interviews - Page ICHAPTER 4:Jeffrey H. CohenINTERVIEWSThe cultural anthropology component of the project addressed lineal descent and cult REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7tural affiliation issues, as defined by NAGPRA. We conducted interviews with four individuals in order to assess cultural and genealogical links between members of the contemporary population living in the San Juan Mission/Berg's Mill area of south San Antonio, Texas, and individuals buried at the m REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7ission whose remains were or had been included in archaeological collections. Our overall objective was to determine whether or not cultural affiliatiREASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7
on could be demonstrated between the contemporary' population and people who had inhabited the mission during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centChapter 4: Interviews - Page ICHAPTER 4:Jeffrey H. CohenINTERVIEWSThe cultural anthropology component of the project addressed lineal descent and cult REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7nd shared a sense of cultural identity and if any aspects of that identity were described and defined as Native American (Indian).The short response to our overall goal is: yes, there does appear to be continuity in the lineal descent of the contemporary population from ancestors who lived in the ar REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7ea in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Cultural affiliation is also apparent among the contemporary population and there is a limitREASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7
ed sense of “Indianness” among that population. Because the identities of the individual remains are not known, we were unable to connect any of our iChapter 4: Interviews - Page ICHAPTER 4:Jeffrey H. CohenINTERVIEWSThe cultural anthropology component of the project addressed lineal descent and cult REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7ee Chapters 1 and 11). Additionally, while there is a sense of Indianness shared by the individuals we talked to (and by thecommunity as well), it is rarely defined in a tribal sense. In other words, the population does not voice an affiliation with any recognized tribal groups in North America; the REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7refore, NAGPRA does not appear to apply in this case.The remainder of this chapter is divided into six parts. In the first, our methodology is revieweREASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7
d. Second, we define our interview group and describe why it was chosen. Third, the results of the lineal descent part of our project are presented. FChapter 4: Interviews - Page ICHAPTER 4:Jeffrey H. CohenINTERVIEWSThe cultural anthropology component of the project addressed lineal descent and cult REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7study area.METHODOLOGYWe chose to document lineal descent by collecting genealogies from local families. We were able to collect genealogies from four families representing three different contemporary social groups in the community. To collect the genealogies, we asked interviewees to recount the h REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7istories of their families, as each was able. We also asked interviewees to name relatives wherever possible. What was a surprise to this ethnographerREASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7
was the ability of each individual to work back over four to six generations into the past. Three of the four individuals we interviewed are descendeChapter 4: Interviews - Page ICHAPTER 4:Jeffrey H. CohenINTERVIEWSThe cultural anthropology component of the project addressed lineal descent and cult REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7g in and around Mission San Juan. To determine the presence and viability of a culture and community, wecollected oral histories from our four interviewees. We also attended meetings of the Berg’s Mill Men’s Club and the San Juan reunion. Oral histories and cultural performances are the currency thr REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7ough which individuals, as members of communities, transact business and define themselves both internally and externally. We therefore collected theREASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7
oral histories to look for the presence of recurrent themes, historical events, and descriptions of people and places that might define group membershChapter 4: Interviews - Page ICHAPTER 4:Jeffrey H. CohenINTERVIEWSThe cultural anthropology component of the project addressed lineal descent and cult REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7iduals. Only one of the individuals contacted was unable to meet or answ-er questions. We recorded a total of four life histoty interviews on approximately six hours of recorded tape that was later transcribed for analysis.When our work on this project began, we thought that the identities of all in REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7terviewees would remain confidential throughout the study and in the final report as well. However, as the project progressed it became clear that intREASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7
erviewees did not want their identities to be kept confidential and that they preferred that their own names be used in the final report. SubsequentlyChapter 4: Interviews - Page ICHAPTER 4:Jeffrey H. CohenINTERVIEWSThe cultural anthropology component of the project addressed lineal descent and cult REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7the present report. The original interview tapes are curated at the San Antonio Missions National Historic Park headquarters in San Antonio, Texas.DEFINING OUR GROUPTo identify potential interviewees, Thoms and Cohen met with the Berg’s Mill Men’s Club on one occasion. Cohen also met with Janie Garz REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7a on two occasions. Ms. Garza is an amateur historian and is very active in the Berg’s Mill community. She played a keyChapter 4: Interviews - Page 2rREASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7
ole in the San Juan reunion and has organized an informal history of the area. While her family is not native to the area, she is an important resourcChapter 4: Interviews - Page ICHAPTER 4:Jeffrey H. CohenINTERVIEWSThe cultural anthropology component of the project addressed lineal descent and cult REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7y about the two goals of the project. In consultation with the Men’s Club leaders we identified Mickey Killian and Rebecca Stuart as potentially important sources of information. Killian is a well-known leader in the community, is active in the Men’s Club, and has extensive knowledge of the history REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7of the area. Stuart is also active in the area and told Thoms and Cohen of her family’s roots in the community.To make sure that our small sample of iREASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7
nterviewees represented more than families involved with the Berg’s Mill Men’s Club, Cohen also contacted Rick Mendoza, a strong advocate for Indian iChapter 4: Interviews - Page ICHAPTER 4:Jeffrey H. CohenINTERVIEWSThe cultural anthropology component of the project addressed lineal descent and cult REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7 to the Mission San Juan community but who lacked lineal descent links to the community. Mendoza allowed Cohen to take and photocopy information he had in his possession including church records, land records, and tax records.Finally, we joined the San Juan community for its reunion on April 18, 199 REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-79. We spent the day with members of the San Juan community, visited the mission, and viewed a small photograph collection and slide show organized byREASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7
Janie Garza.GENEALOGIESFamily genealogies were collected for each interviewee. Mickey Killian (Figure 8), Rebecca Stuart (Figure 9), and Rick Mendoza Chapter 4: Interviews - Page ICHAPTER 4:Jeffrey H. CohenINTERVIEWSThe cultural anthropology component of the project addressed lineal descent and cult REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7rc descended from Santiago Diaz, who appears in the 1824 valuation of mission properties dnd was the alcalde OÍ San Juan in 1819.Mickey Killian believes Santiago Diaz (1768-1828) was bom in. or living in. Mission Espada in the 1780s. Santiago Wds married lo Josefa Gutierrez (listed on deeil maps ds REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7daughter of Barbara rones, identified as Indian, Mulatta, and Espanola on local records and born 1780). According to Mickey Killian. Santiago’s son, CREASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7
anuto Diaz, was born in 1812. On the other hand. Rick Mendoza lists Canino's birth date as 1809. This serves as an example of conflicting data that geChapter 4: Interviews - Page ICHAPTER 4:Jeffrey H. CohenINTERVIEWSThe cultural anthropology component of the project addressed lineal descent and cult REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7arita Zamora (listed as Indian in the 1820 census of Béxar County). Their daughter. Refugia Diaz (buried in the Mission San Juan cemetery), married Juan Montes (a Canary Islander) and gave birth to five children—Adelina, Nicasio, Eloy, José, and Manuel (either José or Manuel died in childhood, and a REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7ccording to Stuart, the other did not marry). Adelina Monies (d. 1935) is Mickey Killian’s grandmother (Figure 8). Nicasio Montes is Rebecca Smart’s gREASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7
randfather (Figure 9). While the genealogies confirm lineal descent lor our interviewees, we do not know the identity of the remains found during excaChapter 4: Interviews - Page ICHAPTER 4:Jeffrey H. CohenINTERVIEWSThe cultural anthropology component of the project addressed lineal descent and cult REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7RAL AFFILIATIONNAGPRA defines cultural affiliation as a relationship of shared group identity that maybe reasonably traced historically or prehistorically between a present-day Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization and an identifiable earlier group (U.S. Department ofthe Interior 1999:214-215 REASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7). Assessing cultural affiliation, and the related issues of ethnicity and community, is complicated for Mission San Juan and Berg’s Mill, as the areaREASSESSING_CULTURAL_EXTINCTION_Chp4-7
has lost its unity due to changes in local zoning, the decommissioning of local airbases, and the transfer of church-held properties Io the NationalGọi ngay
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