The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street
The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street
The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us”: External Intervention As A Two-Way StreetAndrea Grove Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streetl Science The University of Vermont 532 Old Mill 94 University Place PO Box 54110 Burlington, VT 05405-4110 phone: 802-656-8384 agrove@zoo.uvm.eduABSTRACTThree perspectives on the causes of communal conflict are visible in extant work: a focus on ancient hatreds, on leaders, or on the context that l The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streeteaders “find” themselves in. Leaders therefore have all the power to mobilize people to fight (or not to) or leaders are driven by circumstantial oppoThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street
rtunities or the primordial desires of the masses to resist peace or coexistence with historical enemies. Analysts who focus on leaders or context recThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us”: External Intervention As A Two-Way StreetAndrea Grove Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streetionalist mobilization to factors in the international arena. How does the international arena affect the competition among leaders? How do skillful leaders draw in external actors to lend credibility to their own views? This paper asserts that leaders compete to frame identity and mission, and explo The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streetres the degree to which international factors affect whose “definitions of the situation” are successful in precipitating mobilization shifts among poThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street
tential followers. A unique finding of this longitudinal study of Northern Ireland is that the role played by international institutions and actors isThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us”: External Intervention As A Two-Way StreetAndrea Grove Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streetliterature on nationalism within both the comparative and international relations fields, there has been little systematic research into the processes relating the domestic politics of nationalist mobilization to factors in the international arena. To date, most work only offers broad, general hypot The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streetheses about the effects of international relations on “debates” among leaders within communities to define group identity. How does the internationalThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street
arena affect the competition among leaders? How malleable are national identities in light of different international political opportunities and resoThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us”: External Intervention As A Two-Way StreetAndrea Grove Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streetions are clearly crucial, and are explored here in a longitudinal study of Northern Ireland. In “hotbeds” of conflict around the world today—from Northern Ireland to Afghanistan to Nigeria—international actors involved in efforts at conflictreduction, conflict-resolution, or democratization reject t The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streethe arguments of those political leaders who are “exclusive” with regard to other groups in the given state’s society. Instead, in most cases those leaThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street
ders who receive the approving imprimatur of the US or the UN tend to be more “inclusive": those who are trying to persuade their kinsmen that the patThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us”: External Intervention As A Two-Way StreetAndrea Grove Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streetacks, Zulu and Xhosa in South Africa. Some actors in the international community have begun to take an interest in the way leaders of newly “reconstituting" states wish to define their Slates’ identities because of an unspoken assumption that the international community can help build loyalties to m The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streetultinational or multiethnic states: the Dayton Agreement’s provisions for rebuilding Bosnia constitute one of the most involved examples of this interThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street
national effort. Foreign policy makers should become more conscious of the importance of the relationship between leaders’ different constructions of The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us”: External Intervention As A Two-Way StreetAndrea Grove Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street.The lack of comparative empirical research on these issues is surprising given that much OÍ current U.S. foreign policy does operate on the assumption that the international dimension can alter peoples’ conceptions of identity. Ulis paper asserts that leaders compete to frame group identity and mis The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streetsion, and it explores die degree to which international factors affect whose frames or “definitions of the situation" are successful in precipitatingThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street
mobilization shifts among potential followers. One of the most important findings of this study of Northern Ireland1 is that the role played by internThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us”: External Intervention As A Two-Way StreetAndrea Grove Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streetis paper begins with a description of the need for this kind of work given extant literature and is followed by an explanation of the framework assembled to fill this gap. In the interests of space, the framework is followed by an illustration of the findings with examples from several Northern Irel The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streetand cases. Finally, I discuss the implications of this study for both extant literature and policy formulation.STATE OF THE LITERATURESince the end ofThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street
the Cold War, the media, scholars, (he United Nations, and foreign policy makers in many states have paid increasing attention to the phenomena ol etThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us”: External Intervention As A Two-Way StreetAndrea Grove Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street (Gun; 1994). One of the most common beliefs about these conflicts is that they are rooted in ancient hatreds between peoples who have been killing each other (even if intermittently) for hundreds of years (for example, Kaplan, 1993). In the coverage of these conflicts which adopts this perspective, The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street three assumptions arc apparent: ethnic identities arc ancient and unchanging; these identities motivate people to persecute and2https://khothuvien.coThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street
ri!kill in the name of the group; and ethnic diversity itself inevitably leads to violence (Bowen, 1996). Statements of the Bush administration about The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us”: External Intervention As A Two-Way StreetAndrea Grove Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streetl animosities.On the other hand—and especially as external actors see it to be in their interest to get involved—we often hear a great deal about leaders. To read the statements of Clinton and his foreign policy team, the paramount cause of the unrest in Yugoslavia since the early 1990s has been Slo The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streetbodan Milosevic. Michael E. Brown’s (1996) recent edited book assesses the many causes of internal conflict and offers a conclusion that he argues isThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street
“contrary to what one would gather from reviewing the scholarly literature on the subject.”2 Instead of the most proximate causes being contextual, “bThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us”: External Intervention As A Two-Way StreetAndrea Grove Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streets violent missions (Brown, 1996: 23).A third perspective, and the focus of a book edited by Barbara Walter and Jack Snyder (1999), argues that this newer emphasis on elites’ aggressive aims should be balanced with “an emphasis on how different environments may shape these aims.” They do not argue th The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streetat the setting makes puppets out of elites, but they do see the need “...to examine more closely how different settings on the ground might affect groThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street
ups’ decisions to fight, to negotiate, or to remain at peace" (Walter, 1999: 2). For these authors, the conditions of fear and uncertainty produce a sThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us”: External Intervention As A Two-Way StreetAndrea Grove Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streethat leaders “find" themselves in—leaders either have all the power to mobilize people to fight (or not to fight) or leaders are driven by circumstantial opportunities or the primordial desires of the masses to resist peace or even mere coexistence with historical enemies. Only3leaders who take advan The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streettage of the situation or who follow the masses by appealing to these sentiments will gain or stay in power.I argue that this recent work on nationalisThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street
m, internal conflict, and international security is laudable for moving beyond the “ancient hatreds" approach. Still, it is missing half of the equatiThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us”: External Intervention As A Two-Way StreetAndrea Grove Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Streete helped us get this far, but the next step is systematic study of the relationships between leaders and context—and what has been missed is that the arrows point in both directions. Here leadership scholars, using “new” empirical tools, can offer insight. An additional problem is that many of these The Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street publications, especially those appearing in International Security, have focused on cases in which more exclusive nationalist leaders have come to poThe Intra-National Struggle to Define “Us” External Intervention As A Two-Way Street
wer and the “unfortunate” aspects of the domestic (and sometimes international) setting that allow this to happen. Case selection bias is therefore anGọi ngay
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