The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America
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The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America
The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial AmericaSteven c. Bullock Worcester Polytechnic InstituteLooking The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America back three years later, the conversations with Francis Nicholson seemed more ominous than they had at the time. The first took place in December 1698, on the day that Nicholson again became governor of Virginia. After six years of what he considered exile in Maryland, Nicholson should have been ela The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americated. Instead he was preoccupied with letters he had received from his supporters, including the Archbishop of Canterbury, the leader of the Anglican CThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America
hurch. Each counseled him to be moderate. The new governor showed the correspondence to his ally, William and Mary College President James Blair. “WhaThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial AmericaSteven c. Bullock Worcester Polytechnic InstituteLooking The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americant. Nicholson would have none of it. “God, I know better to Govern Virginia & Maryland than al) y’e Bishops in England," he told Blair: “if I have not hampered th’m in Maryland & kept them under I should never have been able to have governed them.”1Blair felt uneasy about the conversation. When the The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americaissue came up again about six weeks later, the college president again emphasized the importance of a civil manner. Nicholson replied that he knew howThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America
to deal with discontented assemblies, boasting that he could even do without them. When the president refused to back down, Nicholson commanded him “The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial AmericaSteven c. Bullock Worcester Polytechnic InstituteLooking The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americaartnership. In his earlier period of governing Virginia from 1690-1692, Nicholson had helped Blair obtain the charter for what became the College of William and Mary and backed him as its first president. But Nicholson had been forced to accept a lesser post as Lieutenant Governor of Maryland. Even The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americawhen he became governor there two years later, he still dreamed of returning to Virginia. In 1697, Nicholson paid Blair's expenses for a lobbying voyaThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America
ge to London that led toBullock--page 2Nicholson's regaining (he post. Even after the arguments that marred the governor’s return, Blair remained a clThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial AmericaSteven c. Bullock Worcester Polytechnic InstituteLooking The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americaf [Nicholson’s] Govermn’t" increased. The governor engaged in “continual roaring 8i thundering, cursing & swearing, base, abusive, billingsgate Language." Blair wanted a correspondent that these rages were so extraordinary that his account would seem incredible to "those who have not been the specta The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americators of it."3 Other observers reported similar experiences. In 1702, some naval officers assigned to Virginia were staying in the College building. ThThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America
e governor, who had been pacing the halls with one of the guests that evening, “flew out into... a Passion.” His shouts and curses echoed through the The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial AmericaSteven c. Bullock Worcester Polytechnic InstituteLooking The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial AmericaOne moved so quickly that he forgot to bring his wooden leg. A witness reported that the guests, amazed at Nicholson’s “Folly & Passion,” declared that "the fittest Place for such a Man” was "Bedlam." the fabled London asylum for the insane.4About the time of the incident (although not entirely beca The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americause of it), Blair too began to question the governor’s fitness. The problem, he told London officials later in 1702, was not the governor's madness orThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America
"passions," frightening as they might be. Nicholson's rages must be a smoke screen for his true intentions, “a maine designe” to take further power. The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial AmericaSteven c. Bullock Worcester Polytechnic InstituteLooking The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americacholson of his duties in 1705.5Blair’s belief that the governor had deeper political designs is difficult to credit and he soon ceased to make the argument. But Blair rightly recognized that the rages were more than expressions of extreme personal peevishness.6 A number of imperial officials in the The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America1690s and 1700s exhibited similar fits, often causing greater specific damage than Nicholson. Even more important, the terms used to attack NicholsonThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America
and other angry officials, as well as those used to praise the Virginia governor's mild-mannered successor, were also politically charged. Anger,BulloThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial AmericaSteven c. Bullock Worcester Polytechnic InstituteLooking The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americalationships, a set OÍ ideas that can be called "the politics of politeness."'This chapter uses the various contexts ol Nicholson's outrageous actions to examine the political and cultural developments that uansformed thinking about power and politeness, what Blair called the "strange stories" of Nic The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americaholson's rages shows anger as communicative, symptomatic, and problematic, rhe discussion begins with the governor himself, looking at how his anger eThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America
xpressed his high view of authority. Next the foe US moves to the ( hanging political situation in which he operated, one in which the potential for bThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial AmericaSteven c. Bullock Worcester Polytechnic InstituteLooking The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America problem. Nicholson's fits of anger provoked fear, frustration, and opposition; but it also spurred new thinking about the interrelated issues of power and of self-presentation?I. A Terror to Evil DoersOn July 9,1G98, Maryland governor Francis Nicholson laced down an opponent. Gerard Slye had been a The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americarrested and brought before the governor and the Maryland Council, lie stood accused OÍ libeling the governor and plotting against the government. TheThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America
merchant had allied himself with his stepfather John Coodc, a perpetual malcontent who had overthrown the Calvert proprietors almost ten years before The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial AmericaSteven c. Bullock Worcester Polytechnic InstituteLooking The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americahat the council minutes note as “a proud Scornful manner,” he informed the governor that he expected to be treated like a gentleman. Slye then sat down opposile Nil holson without been told, symbolically suggesting that he was the governor's equal. But when he addressed Nicholson as Mr. ralher than The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americaas his Excellency, the governor took action. He commanded Slye lo stand. Did he. the governor ask. “kn[o]w him to be his most Sacred Majestys GovernorThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America
of this Province"? Faced with a question that required submission or actual rebellion, Slye pulled back, fullyBullock-page 4acknowledging Nicholson'sThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial AmericaSteven c. Bullock Worcester Polytechnic InstituteLooking The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americaf passion. In both. Nicholson demanded that subordinates fully recognize and accept his authority. This combative stance served him well in the confrontation with Slye. Two long days of questioning and browbeating forced the prisoner to admit his various attacks on Nicholson. A more formal court pro The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americasecution, again overseen by the governor, followed. A weary Slye finally begged Nicholson’s pardon. Whereas before he had sat down with the governor,The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America
he now figuratively threw himself at Nicholson’s feet. "Your Excellency's humble Petitioner from the Bottom of his heart is Sony;" he wrote, adding thThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial AmericaSteven c. Bullock Worcester Polytechnic InstituteLooking The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americaovernment." Probably upon Nicholson's prompting, he also included a separate statement that his offenses were not just against the governor but the government as well. Presenting the petition to the council, Nicholson noted that he was happy to see the last admission. Had the crime been against him, The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America the governor claimed, "he would have Scorned to have kept him in prison half an hour." The council questioned Slye's sincerity, but Nicholson pronounThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America
ced himself satisfied. Asking only for bail to ensure Slye’s appearance at the next trial, he let the prisoner return home.Nicholson's actions had defThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial AmericaSteven c. Bullock Worcester Polytechnic InstituteLooking The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America, he boasted to a member of the Board of Trade that Maryland was now "in profound peace and quietness.”10The strategy visible in the prosecution of Slye also lay behind Nicholson's anger as well. The governor held that maintaining respect for government formed the central task of goveming-in fact, s The Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial Americauch respect served as the foundation of government and civilization itself. Nicholson’s anger, like his public persona as a whole, was partly a perforThe Rages of Governor Francis Nicholson Anger, Politeness, and Politics in Provincial America
mance, a dramatization of a power that admitted no questions and brooked no competitors. Nicholson held himself to the same high standards. In the numGọi ngay
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