THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940
THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940
THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS:Productivity Growth in American Wheat, 1800-1940Alan L. Olmstead and Paul w. RhodeAlan L. Olmstead is Professor of Eco THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940onomics, Director of the Institute of Governmental Affairs at the University of California, Davis, and member of the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics. Paul w. Rhode is Professor of Economics at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and Research Associate at the National Bureau THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940of Economic Research.We have received valuable comments from Greg Clark. Jack Goldstone. D. Gale Johnson. Bruce Johnston. Frank Lewis, Joel Mokyr, JosTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940
e Morilla. Philip Pardey, Vicente Pinilla, James Simpson, Vernon Ruttan, and from the seminar panicipants at uc Davis, Stanford University, NorthwesteTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS:Productivity Growth in American Wheat, 1800-1940Alan L. Olmstead and Paul w. RhodeAlan L. Olmstead is Professor of Eco THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940University of Zaragoza, the Victoria Department of Natural Resources and Environment and the Victorian Branch of the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society. Melbourne, Australia, and the conference participants at the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society Conference, THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940 Christchurch, New Zealand and the Economic History Association at Philadelphia. PA. Lisa Cappellari. Susan* Iranzo. and Shelagh Mackay provided assisTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940
tance on this project. Lee Craig generously shared county-level data from the 1839 Census. Several plant scientists, including Calvin Qualset. CharlesTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS:Productivity Growth in American Wheat, 1800-1940Alan L. Olmstead and Paul w. RhodeAlan L. Olmstead is Professor of Eco THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940insights, advice, and encouragement. Work on this paper was facilitated by a fellowship granted by the International Centre for Economic Research (ICER1 in Turin. Italy.AbstractThe standard treatment of U.S. agriculture asserts that, before the 1930s, productivity growth was almost exclusively the r THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940esult of mechanization rather than biological innovations. This paper shows that, to the contrary. U.S. wheat production witnessed a biological revoluTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940
tion during the 19th and early 20" centuries with wholesale changes in the varieties grown and cultural practices employed. Without these changes, vasTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS:Productivity Growth in American Wheat, 1800-1940Alan L. Olmstead and Paul w. RhodeAlan L. Olmstead is Professor of Eco THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940of insects, diseases, and weeds. Our revised estimates of Parker and Klein’s productivity calculations indicate that biological innovations account for roughly one-half of labor productivity growth between 1839 and 1909.2THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS: Productivity Growth in American Whfat, 1800-19 THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-194040History celebrates rhe battlefields whereon we meet our death, but scorns rhe plowed fields whereby we thrive. It knows the names of rhe King's bastTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940
ard children, bur cannot tell ns the origin of wheat. Thar is rhe way of human folly...lean Henri Table1Deciphering the mysteries of U.S. productivityTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS:Productivity Growth in American Wheat, 1800-1940Alan L. Olmstead and Paul w. RhodeAlan L. Olmstead is Professor of Eco THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940 issues such as explaining the productivity downturn in the 1970s and measuring the impact of computers on recent economic performance. But for the more distant past there is widespread consensus about the productivity record of such core sectors as agriculture. According to the stylized facts. Amer THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940ican agriculture before 1940 witnessed significant increases in labor productivity resulting from mechanization but little growth in land productivityTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940
fr om biological advances. As an example, Willard Cochrane argued that mechanization “was the principal, almost the exclusive, form of farm technologTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS:Productivity Growth in American Wheat, 1800-1940Alan L. Olmstead and Paul w. RhodeAlan L. Olmstead is Professor of Eco THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940vings during the last century, which made it possible* Lu continue expanding the cultivated area with a declining share of die labor force, output per unit of land increased hardly dl all.... the revolution in kind productivity based on important scientific advances began very recently; its beginnin THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940gs were in rhe 1030’s with rhe development of hybrid com...?Table (1823-1915) was a Trench entomologist and philosopher. Kephart, “Commercial Wheat,”THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940
Introduction.:Cochrane, Dew/opmenr, p. 200. also see p. 107. Griliches' treatment is less emphatic, bur appeals to lead to the same general conclusionTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS:Productivity Growth in American Wheat, 1800-1940Alan L. Olmstead and Paul w. RhodeAlan L. Olmstead is Professor of Eco THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940theme in their comparative analysis of international agricultural development.4 This view is also a part of the mantra of most economic historians. As detailed below, it is the main lesson of William Parker and Judith Klein’s classic study of labor productivity growth in grain cultivation between 18 THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-194039 and 1909, and it has become a prominent fixture in the economic history textbooks.5The existing literature would have US believe that before the deTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940
velopment of a sophisticated understanding of genetics, biological knowledge in agriculture essentially stood still, generating little or no boost to THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS:Productivity Growth in American Wheat, 1800-1940Alan L. Olmstead and Paul w. RhodeAlan L. Olmstead is Professor of Eco THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940l practices, a world where each fanner sowed grain that he himself grew and that his father grew before him. a world of a happy, organic balance between cultivators and their natural environment.6 *Focusing on wheat, this paper argues that, contrary to the conventional wisdom, the nineteenth and ear THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940ly twentieth centuries witnessed a stream of “biological” innovations that rivaled the importance of mechanical changes on agricultural productivity gTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940
rowth. These new biological technologies addressed two distinct classes of problems. First, there was a relentless campaign to discover and develop neTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS:Productivity Growth in American Wheat, 1800-1940Alan L. Olmstead and Paul w. RhodeAlan L. Olmstead is Professor of Eco THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940s.8 Without these land-augmenting technologies, western yields would have been significantly lower, and vast areas of the Great Plains would not have been able to sustain commercial wheat production. In‘Hayami and Ruttan, Agricultural Development, p. 209. As an example, when dealing with (he history THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940 of small grains in nineteenth century United States, they note (hat "the advances in mechanical technology were not accompanied by parallel advancesTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940
in biological technology. Nor were the advances in labor productivity accompanied by comparable advances in land productivity.”’ Parker and Klein. "PrTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS:Productivity Growth in American Wheat, 1800-1940Alan L. Olmstead and Paul w. RhodeAlan L. Olmstead is Professor of Eco THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940View. pp. 280-282: Hughes. American Economic History', pp. 275-276. The (heme is also standard fate in (he USDA’s treatment of productivity growth. Loomis and Barton, “Productivity,” pp. 6-8.’ See Stanelle, “Certified” for a statement of this view.in the context of (he international development lite THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940rature the term "biological change" encompasses nonmechanical activities (hat modify (he growing environment. In addition to strictly biological innovTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940
ations such as improved plant varieties, “biological changes” include changes in cultural practices, irrigation systems, fertilizers, and chemicals.®WTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS:Productivity Growth in American Wheat, 1800-1940Alan L. Olmstead and Paul w. RhodeAlan L. Olmstead is Professor of Eco THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940tions as to what properly constitutes a distinct variety. Because the historical literature we cite consistently lefers to "varieties." we have chosen to use (he dated terminology.2addition, researchers and wheat farmers made great strides in combating the growing threat of yield-sapping insects and THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940 diseases, many of which were the unintended consequences of biological globalization. With the large-scale importation of Eurasian crops to North AmeTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940
rica came hitchhikers who fed on and destroyed those crops. In the absence of vigorous efforts to maintain wheat yields in the face of evolving foreigTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS:Productivity Growth in American Wheat, 1800-1940Alan L. Olmstead and Paul w. RhodeAlan L. Olmstead is Professor of Eco THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940 would be termed integrated pest management (IPM) with the sensitive details of the farming systems evolving in response to new threats and changing knowledge. Il is important to emphasize that we are not arguing that these pre-1940 1PM systems were as effective as what came later. Building on our a THE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940nalysis of pre-1940 biological innovations, we take a fresh look at Parker and Klein’s formal estimates of labor productivity growth between 1839 andTHE RED QUEEN AND THE HARD REDS PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AMERICAN WHEAT, 1800-1940
1909. Our revised estimates suggest that biological innovations accounted for roughly one-half of the labor productivity growth in this period.CornersGọi ngay
Chat zalo
Facebook