The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.
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The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.
The Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.versity of Maryland College Park. MD 20742-7211 USASenior Research Fellow. Center for American Political Science and Law, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, China euslaner@umd.eduBo Rothstein (corresponding author) The Quality of Government Institute Department of Politica The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.l Science University of Gothenburg Box 711.405 30 Gothenburg SWEDEN bQ-rothstein^polgu.seVersion July 21 2014This is our second co-authored paper andThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.
in this paper we have reversed the order of authorship. Our contributions are equal. We would like to thank Sofia Jansson for excellent assistance forThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.k Christian Bjomskov, Michelle D’Arcy, Ase Berit Grodeland, Robert Klitgaard, Alex Lascaux, Fabrice Murtin, Katarina Ott, and Aleksandar Stulhofer for helpful comments.Forthcoming, Comparative PoliticsAbstractWe show a link between levels of mass education in 1870 and corruption levels in 2010 for 7 The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.8 countries that remains strong when controlling for change in the level of education, GDP/ capita, and democratic governance. A theoretical model forThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.
the existence of a causal mechanism between universal education and control of corruption is presented. Early introduction of universal education is The Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.equal education gave citizens more opportunities and power for opposing corruption. Secondly, the need for increased state capacity was a strong motivation for the introduction of universal education in many countries. In addition to the statistical analyses, historical evidence show that strong sta The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.tes provided more education to their publics and that such states were more common where economic disparities were initially smaller.2The problem andThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.
the argumentsThe problem of curbing corruption has concerned philosophers, social scientists, and policy makers since Aristotle (Wallis. 2005. 7). whiThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.f the world. In the 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index from Transparency International (TĨ), measuring elites' evaluations of the honesty (or dishonesty) of political and economic institutions in lheir countries, 131 of the 178 nations fell below the midpoint on the 10 point of the index, with higher The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education. scores representing low corruption. Only 23 nations had scores (7 or higher) indicating that their governments are basically honest. In the Global CoThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.
rruption Barometer for 2013, public opinion surveys in 107 countries conducted by Tl, a majority did not see corruption as a major problem in only oneThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.giu-Pippidi 2006) or “impartiality” in the exercise of public power (Rothstein 2011). This means that corruption occurs when officials in charge of a society’s “public goods" turns them into their private goods—an approach that may still be debatable but more comprehensive than other conceptualizati The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.ons (Rothstein & Teorell 2012).Our central ar gument is that systemic corruption is deeply rooted in the underlying social and historical political stThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.
ructure. This argument is in line with a growing body of historical institutionalism arguing that historical conditions tanging from institutions to nThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.n and Sokoloff. 2010: Guiliano and Nunn 2013: Welzel, 2013). Our work is close to Glaeser et al (2004), who show that countries with the3largest primary school enrollments in 1900 had the greatest gross domestic product per capita a century later.We find a similar dynamic between historical levels o The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.f education (in 1870) and contemporaiy (2010) levels of corruption across 78 countries. The persistence of high levels of corruption in many countriesThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.
suggests that it has roots stemming from long-term factors rather than from more recent institutional changes. We focus on historical levels of educaThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.11, 111-115; Uslaner, 2008, 236-241).-2education leads to other factors that promote honesty, such as generalized trust and a sense of identity with the entire country rather than with specific sects or groups (Darden, 2013; Uslaner, 2002, 208);-3higher levels of education lead to greater levels of The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.wealth and equality for countries, both of which are linked to lower levels of corruption (Uslaner, 2008; Glaeser, Scheinkman. and Shleifer, 2003).TheThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.
mean education level across countries has increased markedly (by six-fold) from 1870 to 2010). Yet the past has a heavy hand; The countries with the The Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education. this linear relationship were the countries with the highest levels of education in 1870.We offer several predictions:-1Greater historical levels of education lead to less perceived corruption in the present;-2Historical levels of education matter more for contemporary corruption than do changes in The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education. education levels. The past matters more than increases in education do,4although "catch up" matters. But few countries have great increases in schoolThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.
ing levels.-3Historical levels of education are more important than earlier wealth (GDP per capita) in shaping corruption. Wealth matters, but educatiThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.he colonials.1 Countries with large European populations had much higher levels of education than other (former) colonies. Settlers of European origin had expectations from the state similar to the people in their native countries, so their colonial "masters" promoted higher levels of education for The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.them than where the population was primarily indigenous (cf. Easterly and Levine, 2012).-5Countries with a more egalitarian distribution of land had hThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.
igher levels of education in the late 19lh century—and, in turn, countries with higher education in the past are more equal today—reflecting the imporThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics Univ The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.of corruption or on the levels of education. Democracies had neither higher levels of education in 1870 nor less perceived corruption in 2010. Our case studies suggest that political ambitions to increase store capacity did matter.-7Finally, we estimate an instrumental variable regression in which w The Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.e show that three factors—mean school years in 1870, change in school years over time, and contemporary' press freedom—determine contemporary' levelsThe Historical Roots of Corruption State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.
of corruption (while1 Independent in contrast to (former) colonies include Western Europe. North America. Australia. New Zealand. Japan, South Korea5The Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics UnivThe Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education.Eric M. Uslaner Department of Government and Politics UnivGọi ngay
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