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UNIVERSITY OF LEEDSThis is a repository copy of Cycling in virtual reality: modelling behaviour in an immersive environment.White Rose Research Online TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofse URL for this paper:https://epnnts.whiterose.ac.uk/159229/Version: Accepted VersionArticle:Bogacz, M, Hess, s orcid.org/0000-0002-3650-2518, Choudhury, c orcid.org/0000-0002-8886-8976 el al. (5 more authors) (2020) Cycling in virtual reality: modelling behaviour in an immersive environment. Transpo TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofsrtation Letters. 1942-7867 (1942-7875). ISSN 1942-7867https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2020.1745358© 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & FranTL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs
cis Group. This IS an author produced version of a journal article published in Transportation Letters. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's seUNIVERSITY OF LEEDSThis is a repository copy of Cycling in virtual reality: modelling behaviour in an immersive environment.White Rose Research Online TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online r TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofsecord for the Item.TakedownIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law. please notify us by emailing eprints@whiteTL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs
rose ac uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal requestWhite Rose university consortium of le«h. shield &3Print$@whjterosUNIVERSITY OF LEEDSThis is a repository copy of Cycling in virtual reality: modelling behaviour in an immersive environment.White Rose Research Online TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofsarisma Choudhurý1, Chiara Calastri". Faisal Mushtaqbc. Muhammad Awaisb. Mohsen Nazemid . Michael van Eggermondd. Alex Erath*1’Institute for Transport Studies Si Choice Modelling Centre. University of Leeds. UK bSchool of Psychology. University of Leeds. UK‘Centre for Immersive Technologies. Universi TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofsty of Leeds. UKd Future Cities Laboratory Singapore ETH CentreAbstractNowadays, immersive technologies are gaining popularity as a research tool in trTL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs
ansport as they allow toi' a more dynamic approach to the exploration of road users' behaviour providing at the same time full control over interventiUNIVERSITY OF LEEDSThis is a repository copy of Cycling in virtual reality: modelling behaviour in an immersive environment.White Rose Research Online TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofstransport setting has been scarce. In the present study, we aim to fill this gap by conducting a comparative study of cycling behaviour where both non-immersive and immersive presentation methods are used in a virtual reality setting. We then develop discrete choice models using the collected data. TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofsThe results confirm our hypothesis that participants behave differently when shown a choice scenario in non-immersive and immersive settings. In partiTL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs
cular, cycling in an immersive setting is characterised by a higher degree of engagement, i.e. more action switches. To gam a more complete understandUNIVERSITY OF LEEDSThis is a repository copy of Cycling in virtual reality: modelling behaviour in an immersive environment.White Rose Research Online TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofsing task performance. We focussed on oscillations in the alpha (a) band, a neural signature often associated with the filtering (gating) of sensory information. We found increased suppression in this signal in response to the immersive condition relative to the non-immersive. These results complemen TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofst the behavioural findings and indicate that immersive environments may increase levels of taskengagement.Keywords: road user behaviour, risk, cyclingTL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs
. virtual reality. EEG21. IntroductionThe study of road users’ behaviour has direct implications for a number of issues: it is used in road safely, whUNIVERSITY OF LEEDSThis is a repository copy of Cycling in virtual reality: modelling behaviour in an immersive environment.White Rose Research Online TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs et al.. 2017: Hood et al.. 2011: Leao et al.. 2017; Melson cl al.. 2014); and the study of how travel mode choices affect traffic congestion (Madhuwanthi et al.. 2016; (.'hen et al.. 2018 ) and climate change (I look. 2007).In this study we focus on cycling. Many studies have shown the numerous ben TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofsefits of cycling in terms of sustainability and health: at the same time, existing research has highlighted a number of risks which represent a majorTL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs
obstacle to travelling by bicycle. In particular, unpleasant traffic conditions (Henson et al., 1997). personal security concerns (Davies et al.. 1997UNIVERSITY OF LEEDSThis is a repository copy of Cycling in virtual reality: modelling behaviour in an immersive environment.White Rose Research Online TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofsa commuting mode (Department of Transport. 2013).Nevertheless, data collection is a major challenge in this research area, and researchers have often resorted to experimental approaches when studying cyclist behaviour in risky settings, which give the analyst full control over interventions. Staled TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofspreference (SP) methods have been widely used in different formats in transport and beyond, such as SP surveys with visual elements (Wardman cl al.. 1TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs
996), SP web surveys (Auld et al.. 2012: Correia & Viegas. 2011). the I -Ottery Choice Task (Barreda-Tarrazona. cl al.. 2011) or Balloon Analogue RiskUNIVERSITY OF LEEDSThis is a repository copy of Cycling in virtual reality: modelling behaviour in an immersive environment.White Rose Research Online TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofsiability in capturing real-life human behaviour has often been questioned because of ths’ non-commilmcnl bias (Chatterjee et al.. 1983) and hypothetical bias due to the lack of consequentiality of actions (l.i et al., 2018: Harrison. 2006: Hcnshcr. 2010 & Louvicre cl al.. 2000). Moreover, an additio TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofsnal challenge arises in the case of risky situations on the road, as the majority of these SP methods arc designed for sialic settings and fail to accTL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs
ount for the dynamic changes in risk and hence potentially also risk perception. Given these limitations, it is important to seek techniques that incrUNIVERSITY OF LEEDSThis is a repository copy of Cycling in virtual reality: modelling behaviour in an immersive environment.White Rose Research Online TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofsas "the applicability of the results of laboratory analogues to non-laboratory, real-life settings” (McKechnie. 1977). has arisen in recent years through the increasing prevalence and affordability of virtual reality (VR) technology (Brookes et al., 2018). Virtual reality is typically defined as the TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs computer-generation of three-dimensional interactive environments (Wann & Mon-Williams. 1996) and used to create naturalistic and immersive experiencTL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs
es. Virtual reality experiences are often deployed through headmounted displays (HMDs), which allow experimenters to tightly control the visual input UNIVERSITY OF LEEDSThis is a repository copy of Cycling in virtual reality: modelling behaviour in an immersive environment.White Rose Research Online TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs nature of the scenarios (Rovira el al.. 2009; Slater el al.. 2006). The success of VR in the creation of realistic experiences has been demonstrated in previous studies in a transport context (Farooq el al.. 2018. Moussa cl al.. 2012). transport risk research (Frankenhuis el al.. 2010; Underwood el TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs al.. 2011). urban design research (Erath el al.. 2017) and social context (Patterson et al.. 2017).The aforementioned studies have shed promising ligTL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs
ht on lhe elicitation of real behaviour in ruad situations despite the lack of consequentially. The findings suggest that participants engage to a greUNIVERSITY OF LEEDSThis is a repository copy of Cycling in virtual reality: modelling behaviour in an immersive environment.White Rose Research Online TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofsble, as a recent study by Mai (2017). which compared pedestrians' behaviour al midblock crossings between a PC-based VR and real crosswalk showed ambiguous findings, where walking speed differed significantly between two environments, however the proportion of decisions to cross were similar. Furthe TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofsrmore, a study by Godley et al. (2002). which examined the validity of driving simulators by comparing driving behaviour in an instrumented car vs a sTL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs
imulator showed similar deceleration activity under both conditions. Yet. on the other hand, individuals tended to drive faster in the instrumented caUNIVERSITY OF LEEDSThis is a repository copy of Cycling in virtual reality: modelling behaviour in an immersive environment.White Rose Research Online TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofscts stemming from the limited view field, lagged graphics update or low spatial resolution (Loomis Ct al.. 1999). Studies involving fast motion such as that implied by driving or cycling are particularly prone to such issues due to so-called Simulator Adaptation Syndrome (SAS). This emerges mainly w TL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofsith time discrepancies between the driver's actions (commands) and the simulator's response to the given input. SAS is hypothesised to take place becaTL 2nd revision ready for submission names for proofs
use participants adopt real driving as a reference point, and as a consequence, any delays in the simulator's reaction can lead to headaches, motion sGọi ngay
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