Theriogenology ebook free download
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Theriogenology ebook free download
Chapter 1The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian CancerMalgorzata Duda, Kamil Wartalski, Zbigniew Tabarowsk Theriogenology ebook free downloadki and Gabriela GorczycaAdditional information is available at the end of the chapterhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intcchopcn.68881AbstractAndrogens, steroid hormones produced by follicular cells, play a crucial role ill the regulation of ovarian function They affect folliculogenesis directly ứưougli an Theriogenology ebook free downloaddrogen receptors (ARs) or indirectly tlirough aromatization to estrogens. Androgens are thought to be primarily involved in preantral follicle growthTheriogenology ebook free download
and prevention of follicular atresia. It also seems possible that they arc involved in tile activation of primordial follicles. According lo lhr“ WorlChapter 1The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian CancerMalgorzata Duda, Kamil Wartalski, Zbigniew Tabarowsk Theriogenology ebook free downloadnatural chemicals arising from anthropogenic, indust rial, agricultural, and domestic sources. EIX's interfere with natural regulation of the endocrine system by either mimicking or blocking the function of endogenous hormones as well as acting directly on gene expression or through epigenetic modif Theriogenology ebook free downloadications. Disruptions in ovarian processes caused by El X s may originate adverse outcomes such as anovulation, infertility, or premature ovarian failTheriogenology ebook free download
ure. In this chapter, we aim to point out a possible involvement of androgen excess or deficiency in the regulation of ovarian function. We will summaChapter 1The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian CancerMalgorzata Duda, Kamil Wartalski, Zbigniew Tabarowsk Theriogenology ebook free download such compounds can initiate oncogenesis widiin the ovary.Keywords: androgens, androgen receptors, ovarian follicle, folliculogenesis, endocrine-disrupting chemicals1IntroductionThe mammalian ovarian follicle guarantees two essential functions in the ovary It synthesizes many substances, including s Theriogenology ebook free downloadteroids, and by this way creates a microenvironment for the proper development and maturation of a viable oocyte. Even though gonadotrophins arewww.ebTheriogenology ebook free download
ook3000.com4 Theriogenologyregarded as the mam hormones regulating follicular development, sex steroids are also known to play an important role in thChapter 1The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian CancerMalgorzata Duda, Kamil Wartalski, Zbigniew Tabarowsk Theriogenology ebook free downloading primarily the male physiology. This perception has changed as numerous investigations have demonstrated the effects of androgens such as testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DI IT) on female physiology 11 J. It turned out that androgens are one of the most important agents influencing folli Theriogenology ebook free downloadculogenesis [2-6]. Androgens are known to exert pro-apoptotic effects [7, 8] but arc also indispensable in normal folliculogenesis for both androgen rTheriogenology ebook free download
eceptor-media ted responses and as substrates for estrogen synthesis [91- Androgenic actions play a role mainly in early follicular growth, whereas esChapter 1The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian CancerMalgorzata Duda, Kamil Wartalski, Zbigniew Tabarowsk Theriogenology ebook free download cells (GCs) in preanlral follicles declines during antral differentiation al the same lime as expression of mRNA for 1’450 aromatase (l’450arom) and estrogen synthesis increase [10-13].Recently, a growing concern aroused about the potential for environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (lilX's) Theriogenology ebook free downloadto alter sexual differentiation. I.DCs arc one of the factors that can induce unfavorable changes taking place in the ovary [14, 15]. They originate aTheriogenology ebook free download
s a result of human industrial activities, enter the natural environment, and then disturb hormonal regulation (eg., through blocking steroid hormone Chapter 1The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian CancerMalgorzata Duda, Kamil Wartalski, Zbigniew Tabarowsk Theriogenology ebook free downloadme cases, this may lead to the elimination of many populations from their natural habitats, by premature cessation of ovarian function, among other putative mechanisms. I ho imago of muscular bodies as the model for an ideal, which is frequently carried in mass communication media, has led to an inc Theriogenology ebook free downloadrease in the number of enthusiasts for androgenic anabolic steroid (AAS) use. A AS is a group of synthetic compounds that originate from testosteroneTheriogenology ebook free download
and its esterified or alkalinized derivatives belonging to EDCs The association between AAS use and cancer that has been described in the literature aChapter 1The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian CancerMalgorzata Duda, Kamil Wartalski, Zbigniew Tabarowsk Theriogenology ebook free downloads the effects of endogenous androgens and II X’s on ovarian function, IO understand their role in the iniliation/progression ol ovarian cancers.In this chapter, we intend to point out a possible impact of androgen excess or deficiency on the regulation ol ovarian function as well as following I .IX’ Theriogenology ebook free download action with antiandrogenic (e.g., vinclo-7olin, linuron) or androgenic (e.g., anabolic steroids: testosterone propionate, boldione) activity due to tTheriogenology ebook free download
he fact that continuous exposition IO even small concentration of such compounds can initiate oncogenesis within the ovary. Following our previous resChapter 1The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian CancerMalgorzata Duda, Kamil Wartalski, Zbigniew Tabarowsk Theriogenology ebook free downloadvironmental antiandrogen vinclozolin caused deleterious effects at antrum formation stage that may negatively influence the reproductive function in mammals2Androgen receptor structure and mechanism of actionLike all steroid hormones, androgens affect target cells by binding to and activating specia Theriogenology ebook free downloadlized receptors. The types of receptors that are involved in the signal transduction decide onThe Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular DevelopmentTheriogenology ebook free download
From Fertility to Ovarian Cancer 5 http //dx dot org/10.57 72/intechopen 68881its mechanism of action. A genomic response is usually induced by receptChapter 1The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian CancerMalgorzata Duda, Kamil Wartalski, Zbigniew Tabarowsk Theriogenology ebook free download to perform rapid, non-genomic actions. It is well known that the cross talk between non-genomic and genomic signaling pathways is crucial for proper ovarian function [21].The ARs, encoded by a gene composed of eight exons located on the X chromosome, are proteins with approximately 919 amino acids. Theriogenology ebook free download The exact length of ARs is variable due to the existence of two diverse polyglutamine and polyglycine stretches in the N-terminal region of the proteTheriogenology ebook free download
in [22] This AR region modulates its transactivation [23, 24] and, hence, its functionality The ARs, which belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily,Chapter 1The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian CancerMalgorzata Duda, Kamil Wartalski, Zbigniew Tabarowsk Theriogenology ebook free downloadnserved DNA-binding domain (I)BD) with centrally located zinc lingers, a hinge region, and N-terminal domain (MID) (I igure 1) [25, 26J. The C-terminal domain of ARs is encoded by exons 4-8. Within itself, besides I Bl), ('-terminal domain also contains transcriptional activation function 2 (AF2) co Theriogenology ebook free download-regulator binding interface [27, 28]. Ill the most conserved region of ARs DNA-binding domain two zinc fingers encoded by exon 2 and exon 3, respectiTheriogenology ebook free download
vely, are located The first zinc finger determines the specificity of DNA recognition, which makes contact with major groove residues in an androgen-rChapter 1The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian CancerMalgorzata Duda, Kamil Wartalski, Zbigniew Tabarowsk Theriogenology ebook free downloadh an adjacent ARI half-sile [29]. rhe short flexible hinge region, encoded by exon 4, regulates l)\A binding, nuclear iranslocation, and transactivation of the ARs [30]. The N-tenninal domain, encoded by AR exon 1, is relatively long and poorly conserved It displays the most sequence variability by, Theriogenology ebook free download as mentioned above, virtue of polymorphic (CAG)n and (GGN)n repeat units encoding polyglutamine and polyglycine tracts, respectively [31-33], This doTheriogenology ebook free download
main contains also the Al l, which harbors two Iransadivalion regions, transcriptional activation unit-1 ( IAU-1), and transcriptional activation unilChapter 1The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian CancerMalgorzata Duda, Kamil Wartalski, Zbigniew Tabarowsk Theriogenology ebook free downloadd in mediating cross talk with other signaling pathways leading to the modulation of AF1 activity and interaction with co-regulators [35].In I he absence of androgens, unliganded ARs remain in the cytoplasm. To maintain the unbounded AR protein in a stable and inactive configuration, the molecular c Theriogenology ebook free downloadhaperone complex, including Hsp90 and high-molecular-weight immunophilins, is needed. Androgens like other steroids can freely diffuse across the plasTheriogenology ebook free download
ma membrane and bind to the LBD region that induces conformational changes, including the Hsp90 dissociation from ARs. Followed by these transformatioGọi ngay
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