39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoa
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoa
39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoa
The wristwatches worn by the people in this commercial jetkner properly record the passage of time as experienced by the travelers. Amazingly, however 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoar, the duration of the trip as measured by an Earth-bound observer is very slighter longer How can high-speed travel affect something as regular as the ticking of a clock? iClarryMwWnWioro ResearcAsws, Idc.Ichapter39RelativityChapter Outline39.1The Principle of Galilean39.6Relativistic Linear Moment 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoaum39.2 39.3Relativity The Michelson-Morley Experiment Einstein's Principle of Relativity39.7 39.8and the Relativistic Form of Newton's Laws Relativist39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoa
ic Energy Equivalence of Mass and39.4 39.5Consequences of the special Theory of Relativity The Lorentz Transformation Equations39.9 39.10Energy RelatiThe wristwatches worn by the people in this commercial jetkner properly record the passage of time as experienced by the travelers. Amazingly, however 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoa our everyday experiences and observations have to do with objects that move at speeds much less than the speed of light. Newtonian mechanics was formulated to describe the motion of such objects, and this formalism is still very successful in describing a wide range of phenomena that occur at low s 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoapeeds. It fails, however, when applied to particles whose speeds approach that of light.Experimentally, the predictions of Newtonian theory can be tes39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoa
ted at high speeds by accelerating electrons or other charged particles through a large electric potential difference. For example, it is possible to The wristwatches worn by the people in this commercial jetkner properly record the passage of time as experienced by the travelers. Amazingly, however 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoaonian mechanics, if the potential difference is increased by a factor of 4, the electron's kinetic energy is four times greater and its speed should double to 1.98c. However, experiments show that the speed of the electron—as well as the speed of any other particle in the Universe—always remains les 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoas than the speed of light, regardless of the size of the accelerating voltage. Because it places no upper limit on speed. Newtonian mechanics is contr39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoa
ary to modern experimental results and is clearly a limited theory.In 1905, at the age of only 26, Einstein published his special theory of relativityThe wristwatches worn by the people in this commercial jetkner properly record the passage of time as experienced by the travelers. Amazingly, however 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoahere seemed no escape. The strength of the new theory lies in the consistency and simplicity with which it solves all these difficulties .... 1Although Einstein made many other important contributions to science, the special theory of relativity alone represents one of the greatest intellectual achi 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoaevements of all time. With this theory, experimental observations can Ik- correctly predicted over the range of speeds from V = 0 to speeds approachin39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoa
g the speed of light. Al low speeds, Einstein's theory reduces to Newtonian mechanics as a limiting situation. It is important to recognize that EinstThe wristwatches worn by the people in this commercial jetkner properly record the passage of time as experienced by the travelers. Amazingly, however 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoa order to reconcile them with one of his postulates, he was forced into the bizarre notion of assuming that space and time are not absolute.This chapter gives an introduction to the special theory' of relativity, with emphasis on some of its consequences. The special theory covers phenomena such as 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoathe slowing down of clocks and the contraction of lengths in moving reference frames as measured by a stationary observer. We also discuss the relativ39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoa
istic forms of momentum and energy, as well as some consequences of the famous massenergy formula, E — me2.In addition to its well-known and essentialThe wristwatches worn by the people in this commercial jetkner properly record the passage of time as experienced by the travelers. Amazingly, however 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoaobal positioning system (GPS) units. These devices do not work if designed in accordance with non relativistic principles.We shall have occasion to use relativity in some subsequent chapters of the extended version of this text, most often presenting only the outcome of relativistic effects.1 A. Ein 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoastein and L Infold.ofPhjMa, New York, Simon and Schuster. 1961.1248CHAPĨÍR 39 Relativityliii-iúal ÍI.1I1K- ot leícnriMx39.1^ THE PRINCIPLE OF GALILEAN39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoa
RELATIVITYTo describe a physical event, it is necessary to establish a frame of reference. You should recall from Chapter ■> that Newton's laws arc vThe wristwatches worn by the people in this commercial jetkner properly record the passage of time as experienced by the travelers. Amazingly, however 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoal frame of reference is one in which an object is observed to have no acceleration when no forces act on it. Furthermore, any system moving with constant velocity with respect to an inertial system must also be an inertial system.There is no preferred inertial reference flame. This means that the re 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoasults of an experiment performed in a vehicle moving with uniform velocity will be identical to the results of the same experiment performed in a stat39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoa
ionary vehicle. The formal statement of this result is called the principle of Galilean relativity:The laws of mechanics must he rhe same in all inertThe wristwatches worn by the people in this commercial jetkner properly record the passage of time as experienced by the travelers. Amazingly, however 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoap truck moves with a constant velocity, as shown in Figure 39.1a. If a passenger in the truck throws a kill straight tip, and if air effects arc neglected, the passenger observes that the ball moves in a vertical path. The motion of the ball appears to be precisely the same as if the ball were throw 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoan by a person at rest on the Fai th. The law of gravity and the equations of motion under constant acceleration are obeyed whether the truck is at res39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoa
t or in uniform motion.Now Consider the same situation viewed by an observer at rest on the Earth. This stationary observer sees the path of the bail The wristwatches worn by the people in this commercial jetkner properly record the passage of time as experienced by the travelers. Amazingly, however 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoaeloc ity of the truck. Although the two observers disagree on certain aspects of the situation, they agree on the validity of Newton's laws and on such classical principles as conservation of energy and coiiset vation of linear momentum. This agreement implies that no mechanical experiment can detec 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoat any difference between the two inertial frames. The only thing that can Ise detected is the relative motion of one flame with respect to the other.39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoa
That is. the notion of absolute motion through space is meaningless, as is the notion of a preferred reference frame.Figure 39.1 (a) I hr observer in The wristwatches worn by the people in this commercial jetkner properly record the passage of time as experienced by the travelers. Amazingly, however 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoae of Galilean Relativity1249Quick Quiz 39.Which observer ill Figure 39.1 is right about the ball's path?Suppose that some physical phenomenon, which we call an HWH/, occurs in an inertial system. The event's location and time of occurrence can be specified by the four coordinates (x. f. 2. I). We wo 39 relativity tủ tài liệu bách khoauld like to be able to transform these coordinates from one inertial system to another one moving with uniform relative velocity.The wristwatches worn by the people in this commercial jetkner properly record the passage of time as experienced by the travelers. Amazingly, howeverThe wristwatches worn by the people in this commercial jetkner properly record the passage of time as experienced by the travelers. Amazingly, howeverGọi ngay
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