basic organic chemistry
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basic organic chemistry
Bonding in Organic CompoundsChapter 1Bonding inOrganic Compounds0-9^9CHAPTER SUMMARYOrganic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon. This is a s basic organic chemistry separate branch of chemistry because of the large numbers of organic compounds and their occurrences and applications.1.1Elements and Compounds - Atoms and MoleculesElements are the fundamental building units of substances. They are composed of tiny particles called atoms; atoms are the smallest par basic organic chemistry ticles of an element that retains the properties of that element. Atoms are composed of a positively charged nucleus that consists of protons (chargebasic organic chemistry
= +1, mass = 1) and neutrons (charge = 0. mass = 1). The nucleus is surrounded by negatively charged electrons that have negligible mass.Elements combBonding in Organic CompoundsChapter 1Bonding inOrganic Compounds0-9^9CHAPTER SUMMARYOrganic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon. This is a s basic organic chemistry m a molecule.1Chapter 1Bonding in Organic Compounds1.2Electron ConfigurationA.Atomic Number and Atomic MassThe atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus; this is equal to the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus in a neutral atom. The mass number is the number of proton basic organic chemistry s plus neutrons in the nucleus. Isotopes are atoms with the same number of electrons and protons but different numbers of neutrons; they have the samebasic organic chemistry
atomic number but different mass numbers. The atomic mass of an element is the weighted average of the naturally occurring isotopes.B.Atomic OrbitalsBonding in Organic CompoundsChapter 1Bonding inOrganic Compounds0-9^9CHAPTER SUMMARYOrganic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon. This is a s basic organic chemistry erical orbitals with the atomic nucleus located in the center, and dumbbell shaped p-orbitals in which the nucleus is between the lobes.c. Filling Atomic OrbitalsOrbitals exist in energy levels or shells (numbered 1-7). An atomic orbital can be occupied by 0, 1. or 2 electrons. Atomic orbitals are f basic organic chemistry illed according to the Aufbau principle beginning with the lowest energy orbitals and proceeding to higher energy ones. The electron configuration ofbasic organic chemistry
an atom is described by the orbitals occupied in each shell and the number of electrons in each orbital.D.Electron Configuration and the Periodic TablBonding in Organic CompoundsChapter 1Bonding inOrganic Compounds0-9^9CHAPTER SUMMARYOrganic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon. This is a s basic organic chemistry ll of electrons and in groups that are related to the number of electrons in the outer shell. All elements in a group have the same number of outer shell electrons (the same as the group number) and the same electron configuration except for the shell number (for example in Group IV, c is 2s22p2 and basic organic chemistry Si is 3s23p2; both outer shells have four electrons).E.Stable OctetsThe elements in Group VIII are especially stable; their outer shell configurationbasic organic chemistry
is known as a stable octet.WWW.pdfgrip.comBonding in Organic CompoundsChapter 11.3Ionic Bonding and the Periodic TableA.Ionic Bonding, ElectronegativBonding in Organic CompoundsChapter 1Bonding inOrganic Compounds0-9^9CHAPTER SUMMARYOrganic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon. This is a s basic organic chemistry tronegativities: charged ions are formed (one positive from the loss of electrons and one negative from the gain of electrons), both of which usually have a stable octet outer shell. The ionic bond results from the attraction between the positive cation and negative anion.Electronegativity is define basic organic chemistry d as the attraction of an atom for its outer shell electrons. Electronegative elements have a strong attraction for electrons and form anions in chemibasic organic chemistry
cal reactions; electropositive elements have relatively weak attractions for electrons and form cations.B.Electron Dot Representation of IonsThe electBonding in Organic CompoundsChapter 1Bonding inOrganic Compounds0-9^9CHAPTER SUMMARYOrganic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon. This is a s basic organic chemistry ete their outer shells. Cations have usually lost their outer shells, the next shell in becomes the new outer shell, a stable octet, and is not shown.1.4Covalent BondingA.Covalent Bonding, Electron Configuration, and the Periodic TableCovalent bonds involve the sharing of electron pairs between atom basic organic chemistry s of similar electronegativites: in most cases one or both atoms obtain a stable octet outer shell of electrons. The most common valences in Groups l-basic organic chemistry
IV of the periodic table result from the pairing of all outer shell electrons with outer shell electrons of other atoms; a stable octet results in GroBonding in Organic CompoundsChapter 1Bonding inOrganic Compounds0-9^9CHAPTER SUMMARYOrganic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon. This is a s basic organic chemistry of other atoms to form an octet. The predicted valences of Groups l-VII are 1,2,3,4,3,2,1 respectively. Electron dot formulas depict the outer shell of atoms in molecules showing bonding and non-bonding electron pairs.B.Covalent Bonding in Organic Compounds basic organic chemistry Bonding in Organic CompoundsChapter 1Bonding inOrganic Compounds0-9^9CHAPTER SUMMARYOrganic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon. This is a sGọi ngay
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