Social media, political change and human rights
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Social media, political change and human rights
SOCIAL MEDIA, POLITICAL CHANGE, AND HUMAN RIGHTSSarah Joseph*Abstract: In this Essay, die role of social media in progressive political change is exam Social media, political change and human rights mined in the context of the .Arab Spring uprisings. The concept of social media is explained, and Clay Shirky's arguments for and Malcolm Gladwell’s arguments against die importance of social media in revolutions are analyzed. .An account of the .Arab Spring (to date) is then given, including die ap Social media, political change and human rights parent role of social media. Evgeny Morozov’s arguments are then outlined, including his contentions dial social media and the Internet can be tools oSocial media, political change and human rights
f oppression rather than emancipation, and spreaders of hate and propaganda rather than tolerance and democracy. The United States’ policy on InternetSOCIAL MEDIA, POLITICAL CHANGE, AND HUMAN RIGHTSSarah Joseph*Abstract: In this Essay, die role of social media in progressive political change is exam Social media, political change and human rights troductionIn early 2011, revolutionary fervor spread across the Arab world. Unarmed and largely peaceful uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt overthrew long standing dictators, and unprecedented protests arose in most other Arab States. Violent protests erupted in Libya, sparking a civil war between the g Social media, political change and human rights overnment and armed rebels. With the aid of an international coalition, the rebels overthrew longtime Libyan dictator Colonel Muammar Gaddafi in AugusSocial media, political change and human rights
t 2011. At the time of writing. the future of die uprisings in Yemen and Syria remains uncertain. Protests spread beyond the Arab world to States as dSOCIAL MEDIA, POLITICAL CHANGE, AND HUMAN RIGHTSSarah Joseph*Abstract: In this Essay, die role of social media in progressive political change is exam Social media, political change and human rights r Human Rights Law. I must thank Melissa Castan, Frank Garcia. Tama Penovic, Marius Smith, and Ethan Zuckerman for their very helpful comments on and assistance with this essay, though all mistakes are of course mv own. 1 must also thank the excellent editorial team at the Boston College Internation Social media, political change and human rights al tf1 Comparative Law Review.1See. e.g. Press Release. Human Rights Network for Journalists. Uganda: ISPs Harassed. Told co Shut Down Facebook. TwittSocial media, political change and human rights
er for 2-Ỉ Hours (.Apr. 25. 2011), available at http://allafrica.com stories 201104260238.html.2See. e.g.. Dan Williams. Factbox—Israel's Cost of LiliSOCIAL MEDIA, POLITICAL CHANGE, AND HUMAN RIGHTSSarah Joseph*Abstract: In this Essay, die role of social media in progressive political change is exam Social media, political change and human rights 2HB20110806.145Etedlron’c copy avBJIfebtG f?:t;i*p./.ssrn com.'abst-act; 1858880146Baton Cứỉlígt International & Comparative Law Review[Vol. 35: 145The role of social media in these uprisings has been lauded, and the term 'Twitter Revolutions" has become ubiquitous.Does social media really deserve t Social media, political change and human rights he plaudits it has received? After all. popular revolutions overthrew brutal governments long before the advent of Web 2.0: Iranians overthrew lite ShSocial media, political change and human rights
all in 1979, Filipinos overthrew President Marcos in 1986. Communist bloc States in Eastern Europe crumbled one by one in 1989. and huge demonstrationSOCIAL MEDIA, POLITICAL CHANGE, AND HUMAN RIGHTSSarah Joseph*Abstract: In this Essay, die role of social media in progressive political change is exam Social media, political change and human rights e nar-cissistically u sing to inject ourselves into the picture? In this Essay, I will examine the phenomenon of social media and its role in promoting and prompting progressive political change, particularly in autocratic States.I. What is Social Media?Social media is defined as “a group of Interne Social media, political change and human rights t-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0. and that allow the creation and exchange of User GenerateSocial media, political change and human rights
d Content."* 1 * * 4 "Web 2.0“ refers to Internet platforms that allow for interactive participation by users.5 "User generated content" is die name fSOCIAL MEDIA, POLITICAL CHANGE, AND HUMAN RIGHTSSarah Joseph*Abstract: In this Essay, die role of social media in progressive political change is exam Social media, political change and human rights r content to be classified as "user generated:" (1) it should be available on a publicly accessible website or on a social networking site diat is available to a select group. (2) it emails a minimum amount of creative effort, and (3) it is "created outside of professional routines and practices."7 Social media, political change and human rights Although purely commercial websites are excluded under this definition, interactive blogs run by firms are included because the conversation generatedSocial media, political change and human rights
therein extends beyond die purely commercial. Emails and text messages are also excluded from the definition because’ SiG e.g. Leila Nachawao Rego, SSOCIAL MEDIA, POLITICAL CHANGE, AND HUMAN RIGHTSSarah Joseph*Abstract: In this Essay, die role of social media in progressive political change is exam Social media, political change and human rights n-yes-yve-camp-mobiliáng-on-the-sưeets-and-the-in ternet/.1 Andreas M. Kaplan & Michael Haenlein, i’serr of the World. Unite! The Challenges andOpportunities of Serial .Media. 53 Bus. HORIZON'S 59. 61 ( 20101.’ Id. at 60-61 (noting that Web 2.0 may be contrasted with Web 1.0 platforms, which simply Social media, political change and human rights provide content to users without giving thetn the opportunity to interact with or modify the information online).4/d. at 61.’ OECD. Participative WebSocial media, political change and human rights
-AND User-Created Content: Web 2.0, Wikis, AND Soclal Networking is (20071 [hereinafter OECD Report] (emphasis omitted;. itt alx Kaplan &• Haenlein, sSOCIAL MEDIA, POLITICAL CHANGE, AND HUMAN RIGHTSSarah Joseph*Abstract: In this Essay, die role of social media in progressive political change is exam Social media, political change and human rights available via websites or social networks. Nevertheless, mass texting (or mass emailing) operates in a manner similar to social networking sites by facilitating the immediate distribution of information, including information irom social media sites, to a large audience in a form that is easily re- Social media, political change and human rights lransi nil table.lhere are dillerent types ol social media: collaborative projects, virtual worlds.3 blogs, content communities, and social networkingSocial media, political change and human rights
.6 * * 9 Collaborative projects involve people working together to create content: W ikipedia is the most famous example ol diese.10 Wikipedia is an iSOCIAL MEDIA, POLITICAL CHANGE, AND HUMAN RIGHTSSarah Joseph*Abstract: In this Essay, die role of social media in progressive political change is exam Social media, political change and human rights oration platforms can also allow people in dillerent loca lions IO share and edit documents together; these can be particularly useful for persons with similar political goals to collaborate on strategy documents. For example, Google Docs were used IO convey protest tactics and demands during die Eg Social media, political change and human rights yptian uprising in early'2011.11Blogs, the most rudimentary form of social media, involve the ere ation, by a person or group, of wels-based content oSocial media, political change and human rights
n any topic of die author's choice. Individuals may interact with a blog by commenting on its content. Originally; blogs were mainly text based: now, SOCIAL MEDIA, POLITICAL CHANGE, AND HUMAN RIGHTSSarah Joseph*Abstract: In this Essay, die role of social media in progressive political change is exam Social media, political change and human rights hazi—the rebel stronghold in Libya in early 2011—that could classify as a vlog through which Nabbous reported events in his city to the world via a live video stream.11 Blogs are key tools for dissident activity in States that control mainstream media.6 Virtual worlds include virtual games or virtua Social media, political change and human rights l social world: such as Second Life. In the former, -players’ must adhere to game rules and protocols. In the latter, platers "essentially lite a virtSocial media, political change and human rights
ual life" and are constrained bv little more than "basic physical laws such as gravity.’ Kaplan & Haenlein. supra note 4. at 64. Virtual worlds are noSOCIAL MEDIA, POLITICAL CHANGE, AND HUMAN RIGHTSSarah Joseph*Abstract: In this Essay, die role of social media in progressive political change is exam Social media, political change and human rights gned to teach people about social justice. See Lama Siampkr. ilwoiw 2049'facebooi. Game Pwnofcj Social Justice. HvrrtxcTON Post (Apr. 19. 2011.10:55 AM), hup://Hww.huflingtonpoai.Social media, political change and human rights
See OECD Report, tupra note 7. al 56.15 See id.’• Xabboits IOS killed hv a sniper on March 19. SOI 1. while reporting on the Gaddafi regime's claims SOCIAL MEDIA, POLITICAL CHANGE, AND HUMAN RIGHTSSarah Joseph*Abstract: In this Essay, die role of social media in progressive political change is exam Social media, political change and human rights rmfi'nn in Ubya, h Kited.Electronic copy available at: https://ssm.com/abstracM856880Gọi ngay
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