Social media and metal heath
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Social media and metal heath
Social Media and Mental HealthLuca Braghieri, Ro’ee Levy, and Alexey Makarin44409AbstractThe diffusion of social media coincided with a worsening of m Social media and metal heath mental health conditions among adolescents and young adults in the United States, giving rise to speculation that social media might be detrimental to mental health. In this paper, we provide the first quasi-experimental estimates of the impact of social media on mental health by leveraging a unique Social media and metal heath natural experiment: the staggered introduction of Facebook across U.S. colleges. Our analysis couples data on student mental health around the yearsSocial media and metal heath
of Facebook's expansion with a generalized diffcrcncc-in-diffcrcnccs empirical strategy. Wc find that the roll-out of Facebook al a college increased Social Media and Mental HealthLuca Braghieri, Ro’ee Levy, and Alexey Makarin44409AbstractThe diffusion of social media coincided with a worsening of m Social media and metal heath the students’ reports, the decline in mental health translated into worse academic performance. Additional evidence on mechanisms suggests the results are due to Facebook fostering unfavorable social comparisons.J EL Codes: Di 2. D72, D90. HO. L82. LM‘Braghieri: Ludwig Maximilian University of Muni Social media and metal heath ch. Email: luca.braghieri@econ.lmu.de. Levy: MIT. Email: rocelevy@mit.edu. Makarin: Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance (EIEF) and CEPR. EmailSocial media and metal heath
: alexey.makarin@eief.it. We would like to thank Sarah Eichmeyer for her contributions at the early stages of this project. Mary Hoban for helping US Social Media and Mental HealthLuca Braghieri, Ro’ee Levy, and Alexey Makarin44409AbstractThe diffusion of social media coincided with a worsening of m Social media and metal heath ntoni. Georgy Egorov. Ruben Enikolopov. Amy Finkelstein. Matthew Gentzkow, Luigi Guiso, Jack Mountjoy. Samuel Norris. Petra Persson, Andrea Prat. Maya Rossin-Slatcr. Frank -Schilbach. Sebastian Schweighofer-Kodritsch. Joseph Shapiro. Andrey Simonov, and seminar participants at EIEF. LMU. the Istitut Social media and metal heath o Superior? di Sanitii. and the Center for Rationality and Competition for helpful comments. We thank Juan Carlos Cisneros. Valerio Sergio Castaldo. GSocial media and metal heath
leb Kozlyakov. and Meruyert Tatkeyeva for excellent research assistance.Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract-39197601 IntroductionISocial Media and Mental HealthLuca Braghieri, Ro’ee Levy, and Alexey Makarin44409AbstractThe diffusion of social media coincided with a worsening of m Social media and metal heath er day on social media platforms (We Are Social. 2021: GW1. 2021). Very few technologies since television have so dramatically reshaped the way people spend their time and interact with others.As social media started gaining popularity in the mid 2000s. the mental health of adolescents and young adu Social media and metal heath lts in the United States began to worsen (Patel cl al.. 2007; Twenge cl al.. 2OI9).* 1 For instance, the total number of individuals aged 18-23 w ho rSocial media and metal heath
eported experiencing a major depressive episode in the past year increased by 83% between 2008 and 2018 (NSDUH. 2019). Similarly, over the same lime pSocial Media and Mental HealthLuca Braghieri, Ro’ee Levy, and Alexey Makarin44409AbstractThe diffusion of social media coincided with a worsening of m Social media and metal heath tics. 2021). Although the ultimate causes of these trends are still largely unknown, scholars have hypothesized that the diffusion of social media might be an important contributing factor (Twenge el al., 2019). Well-identified causal evidence, however, remains scarce.In this paper, we provide the f Social media and metal heath irst quasi-cxpcrimcnlal estimates of the impact of social media on mental health by leveraging a unique natural experiment: the staggered introductionSocial media and metal heath
of Facebook across U.S. colleges in the mid 2000s. Coupling survey data on college students' mental health collected in the years around Facebook's eSocial Media and Mental HealthLuca Braghieri, Ro’ee Levy, and Alexey Makarin44409AbstractThe diffusion of social media coincided with a worsening of m Social media and metal heath tudent mental health. We also find that, according to the students' reports, the negative effects on mental health translated into worse academic performance. Finally. we present an array of additional evidence suggesting that the results are consistent with Facebook enhancing students’ abilities to Social media and metal heath engage in unfavorable social comparisons.The early expansion of Facebook across colleges in the United States is a particularly promising selling toSocial media and metal heath
investigate the effects of social media use on the mental health of young adults. Facebook was created at Harvard in February' 2004. but it was only mSocial Media and Mental HealthLuca Braghieri, Ro’ee Levy, and Alexey Makarin44409AbstractThe diffusion of social media coincided with a worsening of m Social media and metal heath aggered fashion. Upon being granted access to the Facebook network, colleges w itnessed rapid and w idespread Facebook penetration among st 11-1 Conversely, (he mental health trends of older generations remained relatively stable.IElectronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3919760denis Social media and metal heath (Bríigger. 2015; Wilson et al.. 2012). The staggered and sharp introduction of Facebook across U.S. colleges provides a source of quasi-cxpcrimcntal vSocial media and metal heath
ariation in exposure to social media that we can leverage for identification.We employ two main datasets in our analysis: the first dataset specifies Social Media and Mental HealthLuca Braghieri, Ro’ee Levy, and Alexey Makarin44409AbstractThe diffusion of social media coincided with a worsening of m Social media and metal heath National College Health Assessment (NCHA). the most comprehensive survey about student mental and physical health available at the time of the Facehook expansion.Our analysis relies on a generalized dilTcrencc-m-diffcrcnces research design, where one of the dimensions of variation is the college a s Social media and metal heath tudent attends, and the other dimension is w hether the student took (he survey before or after the introduction of Facebook at her college. Under a pSocial media and metal heath
arallel trends assumption, lhe college by survey-wave \ arialion generated by the sharp but staggered introduction of Facebook allows US to obtain cauSocial Media and Mental HealthLuca Braghieri, Ro’ee Levy, and Alexey Makarin44409AbstractThe diffusion of social media coincided with a worsening of m Social media and metal heath , collegespecific differences fixed in time (e.g.. students at more academically demanding colleges may have worse baseline mental health outcomes than students at less demanding colleges); second. differences across time that affect all students in a similar way (c.g., certain macro-economic fluctu Social media and metal heath ations); third, mental health trends affecting colleges in different Facebook expansion groups differentially. but smoothly (e.g., colleges where FaceSocial media and metal heath
book was rolled out earlier may be on different linear trends in terms of mental health than colleges where Facebook was rolled out later).2 We also aSocial Media and Mental HealthLuca Braghieri, Ro’ee Levy, and Alexey Makarin44409AbstractThe diffusion of social media coincided with a worsening of m Social media and metal heath gested in De Chaiscmarlin and dTlaullfocuillc (2020). Lastly, we complement the diffcrence-in-diffcrcnccs strategy with a specification that exploits variation in length of exposure to Facebook across students within a college and survey wave, and that, therefore, does not rely on the college-level Social media and metal heath parallel trends assumption for identification.Our main finding is that the introduction of Facebook al a college had a negative effect on student mentSocial media and metal heath
al health. Our index of poor mental health, w hich aggregates all the relevant men-"The last confounding factor in the list is taken into account in aSocial Media and Mental HealthLuca Braghieri, Ro’ee Levy, and Alexey Makarin44409AbstractThe diffusion of social media coincided with a worsening of m Social media and metal heath 0.085 standard deviation units as a result of the Faccbtxik roll-out. As a point of comparison, this magnitude is around 22% of the effect of losing one's job on mental health, as reported in a meta analysis by Paul and Moser (2009). The mental health conditions driving the results are primarily de Social media and metal heath pression and anxiety-related disorders. We find that the effects arc strongest for students who. based on immutable characteristics such as gender andSocial media and metal heath
age. arc more susceptible to mental illness; for those students, we also observe a significant increase in depression diagnoses, take-up of psychotheSocial Media and Mental HealthLuca Braghieri, Ro’ee Levy, and Alexey Makarin44409AbstractThe diffusion of social media coincided with a worsening of m Social media and metal heath sening of academic performance specifically due to poor mental health. As a placebo check, we show that the introduction of Facebook at a college did not substantially affect the students’ physical health.What explains the negative effects of Facebook on mental health? The pattern of results is cons Social media and metal heath istent with Facebook increasing students’ ability to engage in unfavorable social comparisons. Two main pieces of evidence bear on this conclusion. FiSocial media and metal heath
rst, we find that the results are particularly pronounced for students who may view themselves as comparing unfavorably to their peers, such as studenGọi ngay
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