Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind
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Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind
1Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore windJonathan Bosch3 b Iain Staffell*, Adam D. Hawkes1’a Grantham Institute - Climate Change and th Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind he Environment. London. UK. SW7 2 AZb Department of Chemical Engineering. Imperial College London. London. UK. SW7 2AZ c Centre for Environmental Policy. Imperial College London. London. UK. SW7 1NEPublished in Energyhttps: '.'doi.org 10.1016' i .energy.2019.1163572AbstractThere is strong agreement Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind across the energy modelling community that wind energy will be a key route to mitigating carbon emissions in the electricity sector. This paper presenGlobal levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind
ts a Geospatial Information System methodology for estimating spatially-resolved levelised cost of electricity for offshore wind, globally. The princi1Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore windJonathan Bosch3 b Iain Staffell*, Adam D. Hawkes1’a Grantham Institute - Climate Change and th Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind e costs of turbine foundation technologies. High resolution capacity factors are estimated from a bottom-up estimation of global wind speeds calculated from several decades of wind speed data. A technology-rich description of fixed and floating foundation types allows the levelised cost of electrici Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind ty to be calculated for lx I km grid cells, relative to location-specific annual energy production, and accounting for exclusion areas, array losses aGlobal levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind
nd turbine availability. These data can be used to assess the economically viable offshore wind energy potential, globally and on a country' basis, an1Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore windJonathan Bosch3 b Iain Staffell*, Adam D. Hawkes1’a Grantham Institute - Climate Change and th Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind Global 1 X J km country-by-country cost estimation for offshore wind power.•A technology rich approach considering both fixed and floating structures.•Bottom-Up estimation of levelized cost, including country-specific financing costs.•Results sensitive to annual energy production, capital cost and f Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind inancing costs.Offshore wind costs continue to decline since recent estimates.3NomenclatureAFP•Annual energy productionCAPEXCapital expenditureEEZExclGlobal levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind
usive economic zoneG1SGeographic information systemGWAGlobal Wind Atlas (Dl’U)TAMIntegrated assessment modelT.COF.T.evelised cost of electricityMF.RRA1Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore windJonathan Bosch3 b Iain Staffell*, Adam D. Hawkes1’a Grantham Institute - Climate Change and th Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind renewable energyWACCWeighted average cost of capital41 IntroductionSince the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) [1]. a consensus has been reached by world governments that global average temperatures should not exceed 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. Re Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind cognising new scientific understanding on the ecological and societal impacts of this level of warming [2] the Paris agreement [3] included a non-bindGlobal levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind
ing commitment to “pursue efforts" in limiting the temperature increase even further to 1.5 °C. Most mitigation scenarios suggest significant deployme1Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore windJonathan Bosch3 b Iain Staffell*, Adam D. Hawkes1’a Grantham Institute - Climate Change and th Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind dels (lAMs), which are the key analytical tools for interdisciplinary whole-system climate change mitigation analysis, can only build viable future global energy systems by drawing on these renewable, and even negative emissions, technologies [1]. Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore wind 1Global levelised cost of electricity from offshore windJonathan Bosch3 b Iain Staffell*, Adam D. Hawkes1’a Grantham Institute - Climate Change and thGọi ngay
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