An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION
➤ Gửi thông báo lỗi ⚠️ Báo cáo tài liệu vi phạmNội dung chi tiết: An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION
An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION
lAn Inductive Exploration into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers2 3 4 5Christian Swann1, Lee Crust1, Richard Keegan2, David Piggott3 & Bri An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONian Hemmings4 67’School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK8 Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, 9Australia1ƠResearch Centre for Sport Coaching and Physical Education, Leeds Metropolitan11 University, Leeds, UK12'School of Sport. An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION Health, and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, UK 13^Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Christian Swann,An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION
15School of Sport and Exercise Science. University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool. Lincoln, 16LN6 7TS. Email: cswann@lincoln.ac.uk; Telephone: (+44) 1522 8lAn Inductive Exploration into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers2 3 4 5Christian Swann1, Lee Crust1, Richard Keegan2, David Piggott3 & Bri An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONtions regarding (he experience of flow (Csikszentmihalyi 291975) in elite golf; a sport which is different to those studied previously due to its seif-30paced, stop-start nature. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 31 European Tour golfers. Whereas the majority of previous st An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONudies have deductively 32coded data into Csikszentmihalyi's dimensions, the data in this study were analysed 33inductively. Thirteen categories were gAn Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION
enerated which described the flow experiences 34of these golfers, and these were compared to the original flow dimensions after 35analysis. In contraslAn Inductive Exploration into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers2 3 4 5Christian Swann1, Lee Crust1, Richard Keegan2, David Piggott3 & Bri An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONhttps://khothuvien.cori!lexperiences. A category describing altered cognitive and kinaesthetic perceptions was 2aiso generated which was not accounted for in the existing flow framework, while the 3participants also suggested that flow was observable (e.g., through changes in 4behaviour). Findings a An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONre discussed in relation to existing literature, and 5recommendations made for future research including possible revisions to the flow 6framework toAn Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION
better describe this experience within golf and other sporting contexts.78Keywords: elite athletes; performance; positive psychology; optimal experienlAn Inductive Exploration into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers2 3 4 5Christian Swann1, Lee Crust1, Richard Keegan2, David Piggott3 & Bri An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONarding and often harmonious experience in which attention is 18fully invested in an activity, leading to complete task immersion and high level ^functioning. Flow is regarded as being an optimal experience (e.g., Jackson & 20Kimiecik 2008); that is, a state representing some of the most enjoyable, r An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONewarding, 2 land memorable times a person can have. Individuals experiencing flow frequently 22report performing at the peak of their ability (JacksonAn Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION
& Roberts 1992), making this 23state highly desirable for athletes. Indeed, flow is of particular relevance to those 24participating in elite sport wlAn Inductive Exploration into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers2 3 4 5Christian Swann1, Lee Crust1, Richard Keegan2, David Piggott3 & Bri An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONat flow has psychological benefits such as increased self-concept 27(Jackson el al. 2001) and wellbeing (Haworth 1993). These are especially important 28given recent suggestions that high-performance athletes are not protected from12https://khothuvien.cori!Imental disorders as previously thought due An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION to their unique work characteristics and 2the physical and mental strains they endure (Bai & Markser 2013). Therefore 3experiencing flow has importanAn Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION
t performance-based and psychological benefits, and Understanding these experiences from the athlete’s perspective could yield important 5insights intlAn Inductive Exploration into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers2 3 4 5Christian Swann1, Lee Crust1, Richard Keegan2, David Piggott3 & Bri An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONw, in the 7highly-elite and relatively under-researched context of the European Tour.8The Experience of Flow in Sport9 Current understanding of flow is derived from Csikszentmihalyi’s (2002) lOconceptualisation of the experience into nine dimensions. Three of these dimensions Hare proposed to be con An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONditions through which the experience occurs (Nakamura & 12Csikszentmihalyi 2002), namely: challenge-skill balance (a balance between high 13perceivedAn Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION
skills and demands in the situation): clear goals so that one knows exactly 14what to do during the performance; and unambiguous feedback about the prlAn Inductive Exploration into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers2 3 4 5Christian Swann1, Lee Crust1, Richard Keegan2, David Piggott3 & Bri An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONkszentmihalyi 2002): Ỉ7 action-awareness merging (deep involvement leads to automaticity and 18spontaneity); concentration on the task at hand (complete focusing of attention); 19/oss of self-consciousness (concern for the self disappears and the individual 20becomes absorbed in the activity); sense An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION of control (e.g., over the performance); time 21transformation (i.e., either slowing down or speeding up); and autotelic experience 22(the experienceAn Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION
is perceived as enjoyable and intrinsically rewarding1).IIThere appear to be instances of inconsistency regarding the specific number of flow dimensilAn Inductive Exploration into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers2 3 4 5Christian Swann1, Lee Crust1, Richard Keegan2, David Piggott3 & Bri An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONnsion (e.g., Nakamura & Csikszentmihalyi, 2002). 4Furthermore, autotelic experience is referred to as a ninth flow dimension in some instances (e.g., SJackson & Csikszentmihalyi, 1999) but in others, usually outside of sport, it is seen as a description of 6flow as a whole (e.g.. Engeser & Rheinberg An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION. 2008). However, flow is most often conceptualised as731 In sport, a number of studies have sought to understand how athletes 2experience flow (e.g.,An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION
Bernier el al. 2009; Chavez 2008; Jackson 1992, 1996; 3Sugiyama & Inomata 2005; Young 2000) with qualitative methods (i.e., semi-4structured intervielAn Inductive Exploration into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers2 3 4 5Christian Swann1, Lee Crust1, Richard Keegan2, David Piggott3 & Bri An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONe 6exception of Chavez (2008), however, all of these studies have used a deductive style 7of analysis, coding data into Csikszentmihalyi’s nine flow dimensions. This 8deductive approach was first used in order to explore if'how Csikszentmihalyi’s 9conceptualisation applied in sport (e.g., Jackson 19 An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION92, 1996), and has since become lOthe main approach to analysis of this type of data. Therefore, most understanding of 11 how flow is experienced by aAn Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION
thletes is based on this process of deductive analysis 12into Csikszentmihalyi’s flow dimensions (Author 1 et al. 2012a).13 There are, however, problelAn Inductive Exploration into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers2 3 4 5Christian Swann1, Lee Crust1, Richard Keegan2, David Piggott3 & Bri An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONhoe-horned” into the flow dimensions, without allowing for devolution or refinement of the theory, e.g., to be more specific to sport (Author 1 et 17aI. 2012a). This practice may prevent the emergence of new ideas and insights 18driven, for example, by subtle differences in the flow experience betwe An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONen sports or 191evels of expertise, which have been suggested previously (e.g., Chavez 2008; 20Jackson 1992, 1996).21 This deductive approach also posAn Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION
es practical problems when investigating 22flow experiences in sport. For example, deductive analysis implicitly assumes that 23the dimensions guidinglAn Inductive Exploration into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers2 3 4 5Christian Swann1, Lee Crust1, Richard Keegan2, David Piggott3 & Bri An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION “ambiguity concerning individual characteristics of flow” (Kowal & Fortier 1999,1 these nine dimensions, particularly within sport research.24https://khothuvien.cori!1 p.365), and overlap is apparent in the definition of certain dimensions. For example, ZJackson and Csikszentmihalyi (1999) suggest An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONthat “when you feel at one with the 3movements you are making, you are experiencing...the merging of action and 4awareness” (p. 19); and yet: “when atAn Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSION
hletes speak of becoming one with the activity, 5they are also referring to freeing themselves [i.e., loss] of self-consciousness” (p.27). 6Both definlAn Inductive Exploration into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers2 3 4 5Christian Swann1, Lee Crust1, Richard Keegan2, David Piggott3 & Bri An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONre key 8constmcts (such as optimal arousal and confidence) fit into the nine flow dimensions 9(Author 1 et al. 2012a). For example, confidence has been referred to in three An Inductive Exploration into into the Flow Experiences of European Tour Golfers_ACCEPTED VERSIONGọi ngay
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